Shadowing Practice: 4 IELTS LISTENING MOCK TEST SECTION 4 Stoicism - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Part 4 You will hear a professor of philosophy giving a talk on the ancient philosophy of Stoicism.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Ancient philosophy is not just about talking or lecturing or even reading long, dense books.
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In fact, it is something people have used throughout history to solve their problems and to achieve their greatest triumphs.
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Specifically, I am referring to Stoicism, which in my opinion is the most practical of all philosophies,
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and therefore the most appealing.
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Stoicism was founded in ancient Greece by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC,
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but was practiced by the likes of Epictetus, Cato, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius.
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Amazingly, we still have access to these ideas, despite the fact that the most famous Stoics never wrote anything down for publication.
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Cato definitely didn't.
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Marcus Aurelius never intended his meditations to be anything but personal.
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Seneca's letters were, well, letters, and Epictetus's thoughts come to us by way of a note-taking students.
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Stoic principles were based on the idea that its followers could have an unshakable happiness in this life,
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and the key to achieving this was virtue.
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The road to virtue, in turn,
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lay in understanding that destructive emotions like anger and jealousy are under our conscious control.
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They don't have to control us, because we can learn to control them.
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In the words of Epictetus, external events I cannot control, but the choices I make with regard to them I do control.
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The modern-day philosopher
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and writer Nassim Nicholas Taleb defines a Stoic as someone who has a different perspective on experiences
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which most of us would see as wholly negative.
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A Stoic transforms fear into caution,
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pain into transformation, mistakes into initiation, and desire into undertaking.
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Using this definition as a model, we can see that throughout the centuries,
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Stoicism has been practiced in more recent history by kings, presidents, artists, writers, and entrepreneurs.
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The founding fathers of the United States were inspired by the philosophy.
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George Washington was introduced to Stoicism by his neighbours at age 17,
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and later put on a play based on the life of Cato to inspire his men.
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Thomas Jefferson kept a copy of Seneca beside his bed.
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Writers and artists have also been inspired by the Stoics.
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Eugene Delacroix, the renowned French romantic artist, known best for his painting, Liberty Leading the People, was an ardent Stoic,
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referring to it as his consoling religion.
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The economist Adam Smith's theories on capitalism were significantly influenced by the Stoicism
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that he studied as a schoolboy under a teacher who had translated Marcus Aurelius's works.
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Today's political leaders are no different, with many finding their inspiration from the ancient texts.
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Former US President Bill Clinton re-reads Marcus Aurelius every single year,
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and many have compared former President Obama's calm leadership style to that of Cato.
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Wen Jiabao, the former Prime Minister of China, claims that Meditations is one of two books he travels with,
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and that he has read it more than 100 times over the course of his life.
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Stoicism had a profound influence on Albert Ellis, who invented cognitive behavior therapy,
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which is used to help people manage their problems by changing the way that they think and behave.
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It's most commonly used to treat depression.
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The idea is that we can take control of our lives by challenging the irrational beliefs that create our faulty thinking,
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symptoms and behaviors by using logic instead.
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Stoicism has also become popular in the world of business.
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Stoic principles can build the resilience and state of mind required to overcome setbacks,
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because Stoics teach turning obstacles into opportunity, a lesson every business entrepreneur needs to learn.
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I would argue that studying Stoicism is as relevant today as it was 2,000 years ago,
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thanks to its brilliant insights into how to lead a good life.
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At the very root of the thinking, there is a very simple way of living.
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Control what you can and accept what you can't.
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This is not as easy as it sounds and will require considerable practice.
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It can take a lifetime to master.
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The Stoics also believed the most important foundation for a good and happy life is not money,
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fame, power or pleasure, but having a disciplined and principled character,
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something which seems to resonate with many people today.
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That is the end of Part 4.
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You now have one minute to check your answers to part 4.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles op niveau C1 is gebaseerd op de video “4 IELTS LISTENING MOCK TEST SECTION 4 Stoicism”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: Stoic, Stoicism, Cato, Marcus, philosophy. Deze video bevat 60 zinnen en 751 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 7:11. De spreker praat langzaam, ongeveer 105 woorden per minuut, zodat je tijd hebt om elke klank na te doen. Slechts 78% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| inspire werkwoord | /ɪnˈspaɪə(ɹ)/ | inspireren |
| meditation zelfstandig naamwoord | /mɛdɪˈteɪʃn̩/ | meditatie, overpeinzing |
| entrepreneur zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/ | ondernemer, entrepreneur |
| ardent bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈɑɹdənt/ | vurig, passioneel |
| resonate werkwoord | /ˈɹɛz.əˌneɪt/ | resoneren |
| schoolboy zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈskulˌbɔɪ/ | leerling |
| setback zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈsɛtbæk/ | tegenslag |
| unshakable bijvoeglijk naamwoord | onwrikbaar | |
| irrational bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/ | irrationeel, irrationele |
| follower zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈfɒləʊə(ɹ)/ | volger, navolger |
| invent werkwoord | /ɪnˈvɛnt/ | uitvinden, uitdenken |
| resilience zelfstandig naamwoord | /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/ | veerkracht, herstellingsvermogen |
| faulty bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈfɔlti/ | kapot, gebrekkig |
| symptom zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈsɪm(p)təm/ | symptoom |
| amazingly bijwoord | /əˈmeɪzɪŋli/ | geweldig |
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | was founded · was practiced · were based |
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | has been practiced · have also been inspired · have compared |
| Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding | someone who has · teacher who had |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 3 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals can't, didn't, don't. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: meditation /mɛdɪˈteɪʃn̩/, initiation /ɪˌnɪʃ.iˈeɪ.ʃən/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/, caution /ˈkɔːʃ(ə)n/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: entrepreneur /ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/, initiation /ɪˌnɪʃ.iˈeɪ.ʃən/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/, resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/, amazingly /əˈmeɪzɪŋli/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: destructive /dɪˈstɹʌktɪv/, profound /pɹəˈfaʊnd/, renowned /ɹɪˈnaʊnd/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/, intend /ɪnˈtɛnd/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: setback /ˈsɛtbæk/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/, translate /tɹænzˈleɪt/, capitalism /ˈkæp.ə.təlˌɪzm̩/, transform /tɹænsˈfɔɹm/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Spreek zin voor zin na op normale snelheid en herhaal elke zin tot je ritme gelijk is aan dat van de spreker.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als inspire, meditation, entrepreneur.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.