Pratica di Shadowing: 4 IELTS LISTENING MOCK TEST SECTION 4 Stoicism - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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Part 4 You will hear a professor of philosophy giving a talk on the ancient philosophy of Stoicism.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Ancient philosophy is not just about talking or lecturing or even reading long, dense books.
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In fact, it is something people have used throughout history to solve their problems and to achieve their greatest triumphs.
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Specifically, I am referring to Stoicism, which in my opinion is the most practical of all philosophies,
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and therefore the most appealing.
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Stoicism was founded in ancient Greece by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC,
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but was practiced by the likes of Epictetus, Cato, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius.
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Amazingly, we still have access to these ideas, despite the fact that the most famous Stoics never wrote anything down for publication.
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Cato definitely didn't.
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Marcus Aurelius never intended his meditations to be anything but personal.
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Seneca's letters were, well, letters, and Epictetus's thoughts come to us by way of a note-taking students.
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Stoic principles were based on the idea that its followers could have an unshakable happiness in this life,
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and the key to achieving this was virtue.
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The road to virtue, in turn,
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lay in understanding that destructive emotions like anger and jealousy are under our conscious control.
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They don't have to control us, because we can learn to control them.
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In the words of Epictetus, external events I cannot control, but the choices I make with regard to them I do control.
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The modern-day philosopher
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and writer Nassim Nicholas Taleb defines a Stoic as someone who has a different perspective on experiences
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which most of us would see as wholly negative.
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A Stoic transforms fear into caution,
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pain into transformation, mistakes into initiation, and desire into undertaking.
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Using this definition as a model, we can see that throughout the centuries,
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Stoicism has been practiced in more recent history by kings, presidents, artists, writers, and entrepreneurs.
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The founding fathers of the United States were inspired by the philosophy.
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George Washington was introduced to Stoicism by his neighbours at age 17,
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and later put on a play based on the life of Cato to inspire his men.
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Thomas Jefferson kept a copy of Seneca beside his bed.
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Writers and artists have also been inspired by the Stoics.
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Eugene Delacroix, the renowned French romantic artist, known best for his painting, Liberty Leading the People, was an ardent Stoic,
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referring to it as his consoling religion.
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The economist Adam Smith's theories on capitalism were significantly influenced by the Stoicism
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that he studied as a schoolboy under a teacher who had translated Marcus Aurelius's works.
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Today's political leaders are no different, with many finding their inspiration from the ancient texts.
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Former US President Bill Clinton re-reads Marcus Aurelius every single year,
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and many have compared former President Obama's calm leadership style to that of Cato.
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Wen Jiabao, the former Prime Minister of China, claims that Meditations is one of two books he travels with,
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and that he has read it more than 100 times over the course of his life.
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Stoicism had a profound influence on Albert Ellis, who invented cognitive behavior therapy,
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which is used to help people manage their problems by changing the way that they think and behave.
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It's most commonly used to treat depression.
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The idea is that we can take control of our lives by challenging the irrational beliefs that create our faulty thinking,
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symptoms and behaviors by using logic instead.
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Stoicism has also become popular in the world of business.
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Stoic principles can build the resilience and state of mind required to overcome setbacks,
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because Stoics teach turning obstacles into opportunity, a lesson every business entrepreneur needs to learn.
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I would argue that studying Stoicism is as relevant today as it was 2,000 years ago,
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thanks to its brilliant insights into how to lead a good life.
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At the very root of the thinking, there is a very simple way of living.
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Control what you can and accept what you can't.
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This is not as easy as it sounds and will require considerable practice.
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It can take a lifetime to master.
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The Stoics also believed the most important foundation for a good and happy life is not money,
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fame, power or pleasure, but having a disciplined and principled character,
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something which seems to resonate with many people today.
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That is the end of Part 4.
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You now have one minute to check your answers to part 4.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione di livello C1 si basa sul video “4 IELTS LISTENING MOCK TEST SECTION 4 Stoicism”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: Stoic, Stoicism, Cato, Marcus, philosophy. Questo video contiene 60 frasi e 751 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 7:11. Chi parla lo fa lentamente, circa 105 parole al minuto, quindi c’è tempo per imitare ogni suono. Solo il 78% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
Le 15 parole più avanzate del video, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| inspire verbo | /ɪnˈspaɪə(ɹ)/ | ispirare |
| virtue sostantivo | /ˈvɝt͡ʃu/ | virtù |
| entrepreneur sostantivo | /ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/ | imprenditore, imprenditrice |
| resonate verbo | /ˈɹɛz.əˌneɪt/ | risuonare |
| schoolboy sostantivo | /ˈskulˌbɔɪ/ | alunno, scolaro |
| setback sostantivo | /ˈsɛtbæk/ | contrattempo, impedimento |
| unshakable aggettivo | incrollabile | |
| initiation sostantivo | /ɪˌnɪʃ.iˈeɪ.ʃən/ | inizio |
| irrational aggettivo | /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/ | irrazionale |
| invent verbo | /ɪnˈvɛnt/ | inventare |
| resilience sostantivo | /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/ | resilienza, determinazione |
| faulty aggettivo | /ˈfɔlti/ | difettoso, imperfetto |
| symptom sostantivo | /ˈsɪm(p)təm/ | sintomo |
| amazingly avverbio | /əˈmeɪzɪŋli/ | straordinariamente, incredibilmente |
| neighbour sostantivo | /ˈneɪbɚ/ | vicino, vicina |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | was founded · was practiced · were based |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | has been practiced · have also been inspired · have compared |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | someone who has · teacher who had |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 3 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come can't, didn't, don't. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: meditation /mɛdɪˈteɪʃn̩/, initiation /ɪˌnɪʃ.iˈeɪ.ʃən/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/, caution /ˈkɔːʃ(ə)n/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: entrepreneur /ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/, initiation /ɪˌnɪʃ.iˈeɪ.ʃən/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/, resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/, amazingly /əˈmeɪzɪŋli/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: wholly /ˈhoʊ.li/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: ardent /ˈɑɹdənt/, resonate /ˈɹɛz.əˌneɪt/, setback /ˈsɛtbæk/, invent /ɪnˈvɛnt/, resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: setback /ˈsɛtbæk/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/, translate /tɹænzˈleɪt/, capitalism /ˈkæp.ə.təlˌɪzm̩/, transform /tɹænsˈfɔɹm/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come inspire, virtue, entrepreneur.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.