Pratique du Shadowing: 4 IELTS LISTENING MOCK TEST SECTION 4 Stoicism - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
Création de la leçon...
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Part 4 You will hear a professor of philosophy giving a talk on the ancient philosophy of Stoicism.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Ancient philosophy is not just about talking or lecturing or even reading long, dense books.
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In fact, it is something people have used throughout history to solve their problems and to achieve their greatest triumphs.
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Specifically, I am referring to Stoicism, which in my opinion is the most practical of all philosophies,
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and therefore the most appealing.
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Stoicism was founded in ancient Greece by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC,
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but was practiced by the likes of Epictetus, Cato, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius.
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Amazingly, we still have access to these ideas, despite the fact that the most famous Stoics never wrote anything down for publication.
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Cato definitely didn't.
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Marcus Aurelius never intended his meditations to be anything but personal.
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Seneca's letters were, well, letters, and Epictetus's thoughts come to us by way of a note-taking students.
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Stoic principles were based on the idea that its followers could have an unshakable happiness in this life,
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and the key to achieving this was virtue.
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The road to virtue, in turn,
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lay in understanding that destructive emotions like anger and jealousy are under our conscious control.
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They don't have to control us, because we can learn to control them.
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In the words of Epictetus, external events I cannot control, but the choices I make with regard to them I do control.
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The modern-day philosopher
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and writer Nassim Nicholas Taleb defines a Stoic as someone who has a different perspective on experiences
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which most of us would see as wholly negative.
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A Stoic transforms fear into caution,
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pain into transformation, mistakes into initiation, and desire into undertaking.
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Using this definition as a model, we can see that throughout the centuries,
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Stoicism has been practiced in more recent history by kings, presidents, artists, writers, and entrepreneurs.
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The founding fathers of the United States were inspired by the philosophy.
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George Washington was introduced to Stoicism by his neighbours at age 17,
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and later put on a play based on the life of Cato to inspire his men.
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Thomas Jefferson kept a copy of Seneca beside his bed.
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Writers and artists have also been inspired by the Stoics.
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Eugene Delacroix, the renowned French romantic artist, known best for his painting, Liberty Leading the People, was an ardent Stoic,
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referring to it as his consoling religion.
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The economist Adam Smith's theories on capitalism were significantly influenced by the Stoicism
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that he studied as a schoolboy under a teacher who had translated Marcus Aurelius's works.
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Today's political leaders are no different, with many finding their inspiration from the ancient texts.
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Former US President Bill Clinton re-reads Marcus Aurelius every single year,
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and many have compared former President Obama's calm leadership style to that of Cato.
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Wen Jiabao, the former Prime Minister of China, claims that Meditations is one of two books he travels with,
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and that he has read it more than 100 times over the course of his life.
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Stoicism had a profound influence on Albert Ellis, who invented cognitive behavior therapy,
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which is used to help people manage their problems by changing the way that they think and behave.
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It's most commonly used to treat depression.
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The idea is that we can take control of our lives by challenging the irrational beliefs that create our faulty thinking,
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symptoms and behaviors by using logic instead.
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Stoicism has also become popular in the world of business.
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Stoic principles can build the resilience and state of mind required to overcome setbacks,
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because Stoics teach turning obstacles into opportunity, a lesson every business entrepreneur needs to learn.
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I would argue that studying Stoicism is as relevant today as it was 2,000 years ago,
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thanks to its brilliant insights into how to lead a good life.
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At the very root of the thinking, there is a very simple way of living.
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Control what you can and accept what you can't.
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This is not as easy as it sounds and will require considerable practice.
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It can take a lifetime to master.
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The Stoics also believed the most important foundation for a good and happy life is not money,
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fame, power or pleasure, but having a disciplined and principled character,
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something which seems to resonate with many people today.
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That is the end of Part 4.
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You now have one minute to check your answers to part 4.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « 4 IELTS LISTENING MOCK TEST SECTION 4 Stoicism ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : Stoic, Stoicism, Cato, Marcus, philosophy. Cette vidéo contient 60 phrases et 751 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 7:11. Le locuteur parle lentement, environ 105 mots par minute, ce qui laisse le temps d’imiter chaque son. Seuls 78 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| inspire verbe | /ɪnˈspaɪə(ɹ)/ | inspirer |
| virtue nom | /ˈvɝt͡ʃu/ | vertu |
| entrepreneur nom | /ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/ | entrepreneur, entrepreneuse |
| ardent adjectif | /ˈɑɹdənt/ | ardent, farouche |
| resonate verbe | /ˈɹɛz.əˌneɪt/ | résonner |
| schoolboy nom | /ˈskulˌbɔɪ/ | élève, écolier |
| setback nom | /ˈsɛtbæk/ | contretemps, obstacle |
| unshakable adjectif | inébranlable | |
| initiation nom | /ɪˌnɪʃ.iˈeɪ.ʃən/ | initiation |
| irrational adjectif | /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/ | irrationnel |
| invent verbe | /ɪnˈvɛnt/ | inventer |
| resilience nom | /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/ | résilience |
| faulty adjectif | /ˈfɔlti/ | défectueux |
| symptom nom | /ˈsɪm(p)təm/ | symptôme |
| amazingly adverbe | /əˈmeɪzɪŋli/ | incroyablement, brillamment |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | was founded · was practiced · were based |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | has been practiced · have also been inspired · have compared |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | someone who has · teacher who had |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 3 contractions et formes réduites, comme can't, didn't, don't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: meditation /mɛdɪˈteɪʃn̩/, initiation /ɪˌnɪʃ.iˈeɪ.ʃən/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/, caution /ˈkɔːʃ(ə)n/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: entrepreneur /ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/, initiation /ɪˌnɪʃ.iˈeɪ.ʃən/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/, resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/, amazingly /əˈmeɪzɪŋli/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: wholly /ˈhoʊ.li/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: virtue /ˈvɝt͡ʃu/, jealousy /ˈd͡ʒɛl.ə.si/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: inspire /ɪnˈspaɪə(ɹ)/, entrepreneur /ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/, ardent /ˈɑɹdənt/, resonate /ˈɹɛz.əˌneɪt/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme inspire, virtue, entrepreneur.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.