Shadowing Practice: Linux in 100 Seconds - Learn English Speaking with Video

Linux, an open source operating system that makes it possible for humans to play with computers.

It was created in 1991 by University of Helsinki student Linus Torvalds.

His goal was to create a free version of the Minix operating system, which itself was based on Unix.

Today, it's used everywhere.

Like the vast majority of web servers, embedded apps like your smart TV, mobile devices running Android, and is by far the best choice for your personal computer,

with many different distros to choose from, like Debian, Arch, and Fedora, just to name a few.

Just like Windows or Mac OS, Linux is an operating system that manages a computer's memory and processes, allowing hardware to communicate with software.

When you fire up a Linux machine, a bootloader will first put the system into memory.

At its core, we have the kernel, which is like a seed from which the rest of the operating system grows.

It's divided into multiple smaller subsystems, like a process scheduler, device drivers, and a memory manager.

They're exposed with the system call interface, which itself is wrapped with the C standard library, which provides an API that user applications can interact with.

Now beyond the kernel, we have applications that make the OS usable for humans, which are provided primarily via the GNU project, like a shell to interact with the kernel from the command line,

windowing systems on desktop, developer utilities, and countless other applications.

To get started, install your favorite Linux distro.

Open the terminal and notice how we're logged in as the root user on a specific Linux machine.

Currently, we're in the home directory of the root user, which is shortened to this tilde character.

Show its full name with the print working directory command.

Now use change directories with a double period to go to the root of the file system.

Use the ls command to print all the subdirectories here.

These are your critical system files.

Let's go back home with cd tilde.

Now create a new file with touch, then edit it from the terminal with a tool like vi, vim, nano, or emacs.

In vim, type i to insert, write your screenplay, hit escape, then colon wq to write it to the file system.

Now use the cat command to read the file.

If it's really big, use grep to find all the lines in that file that contain a search term or pattern.

If we want to see how big that file is, we can enter the disk usage command.

Every file has an owner and a set of permissions assigned to it.

We can change the owner with the chown command, or its permissions with chmod.

Now, if your current user doesn't have proper permissions, you can put superuserdo in front of any command to run it with elevated privileges.

To install new software on this machine, we can use a package manager like Advanced Package Tool, which will retrieve the code from the cloud and place it in the proper location on your system.

We just went through a bunch of commands.

Let's recap everything with history.

This has been Linux in 100 seconds.

If you want to see more short videos like this, hit the like button and subscribe.

Thanks for watching, and I will see you in the next one.

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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les

Deze spreekles op niveau B2 is gebaseerd op de video “Linux in 100 Seconds”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: command, file, Linux, user, operating. Deze video bevat 35 zinnen en 558 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 2:39. De spreker praat snel, ongeveer 210 woorden per minuut, dus reken op verbonden en ingeslikte klanken. Slechts 78% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.

Belangrijke woorden in deze video

De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:

Woord	Uitspraak	Betekenis
kernel zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈkɝ.nəl/	graan
directory zelfstandig naamwoord	/dɪˈɹɛktəɹi/	gids, repertorium
distro zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈdɪstɹoʊ/	distro
tilde zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈtɪldə/	tilde
interact werkwoord	/ɪn.təˈɹækt/	interageren, elkaar beïnvloeden
install werkwoord	/ɪnˈstɔl/	installeren, aansluiten
nanotechnology zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˌnænoʊtɛkˈnɑləd͡ʒi/	nanotechnologie
usable bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/ˈjuː.zə.bəl/	bruikbaar
screenplay zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈskɹiːnˌpleɪ/	scenario
colon zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈkoʊ.lən/	dubbele punt, dubbelpunt
assign werkwoord	/əˈsaɪn/	toewijzen
retrieve werkwoord	/ɹɪˈtɹiːv/	terugbrengen, terugkrijgen
desktop zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈdɛsktɒp/	desktop
countless bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/ˈkaʊntləs/	ontelbaar, talloos
expose werkwoord	/ɪkˈspoʊz/	zichtbaar maken, blootleggen

Phrasal verbs die je zult horen

Woord	Betekenis
go back werkwoord	teruggaan

Grammatica in deze video

De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:

Structuur	In de video
Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet	was created · was based · is wrapped
Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding	kernel, which is · humans, which are · user, which is

Uitspraak om op te letten

De spreker gebruikt 4 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals we're, doesn't, they're. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.

De klanken “sh” en “zh”: scheduler /ˈʃɛdjələ/, shorten /ˈʃɔɹtn̩/
Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: directory /dɪˈɹɛktəɹi/, nanotechnology /ˌnænoʊtɛkˈnɑləd͡ʒi/, developer /dɪˈvɛləpɚ/

Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:

Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: retrieve /ɹɪˈtɹiːv/, expose /ɪkˈspoʊz/, subscribe /səbˈskɹaɪb/, divide /dɪˈvaɪd/, privilege /ˈpɹɪv.(ɪ.)lɪd͡ʒ/
/æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: interact /ɪn.təˈɹækt/, nanotechnology /ˌnænoʊtɛkˈnɑləd͡ʒi/, wrap /ɹæp/

Zo oefen je met deze video

Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als kernel, directory, distro.

Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?

Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.

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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les

Belangrijke woorden in deze video

Phrasal verbs die je zult horen

Grammatica in deze video

Uitspraak om op te letten

Zo oefen je met deze video

Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?