Shadowing Practice: RELATIVE CLAUSES in 4 Steps - Learn English Speaking with Video
Les maken...
1
Hey, can you tell me about relative clauses?
2
Sure.
3
First, do you know what clauses are?
4
Mmm, not really.
5
Basically, if you put a bunch of words together and it sounds like a sentence on its own, then it's a clause.
6
So, is a clause and a sentence the same thing?
7
A clause by itself can be a sentence, but you can also put two or more clauses together in one large sentence.
8
In fact, one way to do that is with relative clauses.
9
Okay.
10
Why is it called a relative clause?
11
Because one clause is related to the other.
12
Kind of like in a family?
13
Yeah.
14
You and your cousin have grandparents in common, so you are related to your cousin.
15
In the same way, a relative clause has a word or phrase in common with the main clause of its sentence.
16
Okay.
17
Can you give me an example?
18
How about this sentence?
19
I've got tickets to see Vanessa Jones who sings like an angel.
20
We've got two clauses here.
21
What's the first one?
22
I got tickets to see Vanessa Jones.
23
And who sings like an angel is the other clause.
24
Both clauses talk about Vanessa Jones, so they have that in common.
25
But who sings like an angel can't be a sentence by itself.
26
Well, I guess it could be if it was a question.
27
Right, that's a good point.
28
Who is a pronoun, kind of like we or him or this.
29
Who is a relative pronoun, which we use for questions and for...
30
Relative clauses?
31
Right.
32
What are the common question words?
33
Who, what, where, and when.
34
Good.
35
Quick note, for relative clauses, we need to change what to which.
36
Okay, but what What about this clause?
37
Like I said, who is a pronoun, so let's replace it with another pronoun for the singer.
38
She sings like an angel.
39
Yeah, that could be a sentence by itself.
40
Or we could replace the pronouns with the noun they represent.
41
Vanessa Jones sings like an angel.
42
So we have two good clauses here, each in their own sentence.
43
I got tickets to see Vanessa Jones.
44
Vanessa Jones sings like an angel.
45
Or we could put them together into one sentence.
46
I got tickets to see Vanessa Jones, who sings like an angel.
47
Let's take a look at how we put these classes together.
48
We'll use a different pair.
49
We watched Toy Story at Dave's house last night.
50
Toy Story was the first Pixar film.
51
Are these two sentences related?
52
Yeah, they're both talking about Toy Story.
53
Right.
54
Our first step in putting the classes together is to find out the noun they have in common.
55
Let's call it star instead of the noun that both clauses have in common every time.
56
Works for me.
57
The next step is to decide which is your main clause and which is your relative clause.
58
So how do we do that?
59
Sometimes it doesn't really matter.
60
But often the main clause should fit better with the context.
61
Are we talking about what you did last night or are we talking about Pixar?
62
Oh, okay.
63
I see.
64
So the relative clause is less important than the main clause?
65
Kinda.
66
The relative clause usually gives us more information about something in the main clause.
67
Okay, that makes sense.
68
But sometimes the sentence sounds better or worse depending on which clause is relative.
69
Why don't we try both ways and see how they sound?
70
Alright.
71
So let's say, Toy Story was the first Pixar film, is our relative clause this time.
72
Alright.
73
Put it after star in the main clause.
74
But Toy Story is in the middle of the sentence.
75
If we put the relative clause there, it's inside the main clause.
76
That's fine.
77
Think of it like a sandwich.
78
Okay.
79
The third step is to remove star from the relative clause.
80
We just take it out?
81
We'll replace it with a relative pronoun.
82
That's step four.
83
What's the best pronoun for star?
84
Toy Story is a movie, and we should use which for things like that.
85
Good.
86
Place it at the beginning of the green clause.
87
And that's all?
88
Yeah.
89
What's our final sentence?
90
We watched Toy Story, which was the first Pixar film, at Dave's house last night.
91
I noticed that you paused before and after the relative clause, which is good.
92
When we write them down, we put commas in those places.
93
Gotcha.
94
Now, let's go back to step two, and we'll make the opposite choice.
95
The top clause is the relative one now.
96
What do we do with it?
97
Put it after Toy Story in the bottom clause, but before was the first Pixar film.
98
Right.
99
Now we remove star from the green clause, and then we add who, which, where, or when.
100
We add which, just like last time.
101
And put it before we watched?
102
That's right.
103
And we're done.
104
Toy Story, which we watched at Dave's house last night, was the first Pixar film.
105
Both sentences sounded good, I think.
106
Yeah, I think so too.
107
So I guess it depends on the context this time.
108
Right.
109
But if it doesn't sound correct for some other clauses you're working on, try changing which clause is the relative one.
110
Gotcha.
111
What happens if I put the relative clause in the wrong spot?
112
Then we get a misplaced modifier, which means you're giving information about the wrong thing.
113
Let's try this example.
114
My friend Greg has a pet rabbit who is six feet tall.
115
The relative clause should come just after star or what the two clauses have in common.
116
So here it looks like both clauses are talking about the rabbit.
117
The rabbit is six feet tall?
118
Does that sound right to you?
119
No. No. Then who is six feet tall?
120
My friend Greg.
121
Ah.
122
Then let's say my friend Greg, who is 6 feet tall, has a pet rabbit.
123
Ugh, but it's not as funny that way.
124
Hmm, true.
125
Anything else I should know?
126
Yeah, there's another relative pronoun, which we use with possessives.
127
If we're talking about Steve in the main clause, but Steve's hat in the relative clause, we say whose hat.
128
Okay, that makes sense.
129
One more thing.
130
We've talked about the common link between the clauses being nouns, but they can also be verb phrases.
131
Hmm, like what?
132
Take this example.
133
Penny always picks her nose, which is really gross.
134
Ew, that is so gross.
135
Yeah, well, you know, she's five years old, so.
136
Anyway, what does witch refer to?
137
Her nose?
138
Is her nose really gross?
139
No. Well, I don't know.
140
I I haven't seen her nose.
141
Heh, then what is probably really gross?
142
Picking her nose!
143
Yeah.
144
It's not just one thing, it's the whole situation.
145
Okay.
146
So, when a relative clause refers to a situation, we use which as the pronoun?
147
Usually.
148
Gotcha.
149
So, when do we use relative clauses?
150
Whenever you want to put thoughts together in one sentence.
151
Oh right.
152
But like you said before, the relative clause usually gives us more information about something in the main clause.
153
Right.
154
Relative clauses let you express all that at once.
155
Cool.
156
Another reason is to change the flow of the paragraph or of your speech or whatever.
157
If you have a bunch of short sentences, it sounds very choppy.
158
I see.
159
There's a lot of starting and stopping.
160
Right.
161
So it helps to put some of the sentences together.
162
This can give you some variation in the rhythm.
163
And when your words flow together more, you sound more natural.
164
Right, exactly.
165
So when you want to write or sound smoother, consider using relative clauses.
166
Definitely will.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles op niveau B1 is gebaseerd op de video “RELATIVE CLAUSES in 4 Steps”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: clause, relative, sentence, pronoun, Toy. Deze video bevat 166 zinnen en 1282 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 7:48. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 164 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. 82% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken. 34 van de 166 zinnen zijn vragen, dus het is goede oefening voor vraagintonatie en korte antwoorden.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| clause zelfstandig naamwoord | /klɔːz/ | nevenschikking, bijzin |
| pronoun zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈpɹoʊ.naʊn/ | voornaamwoord, pronomen |
| noun zelfstandig naamwoord | /naʊn/ | zelfstandig naamwoord, substantief |
| rabbit zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɹæbɪt/ | konijn |
| gotcha | /ˈɡɑ.tʃə/ | hebbes |
| depend werkwoord | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | afhangen |
| phrase zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/ | uitspraak |
| grandparent zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɡɹæn(d)pɛəɹənt/ | grootouder |
| misplace werkwoord | /mɪsˈpleɪs/ | misleggen |
| modifier zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈmɑdɪfaɪɚ/ | modificeerder |
| possessive bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /pəˈzɛs.ɪv/ | bezittelijk |
| verb zelfstandig naamwoord | /vɝb/ | werkwoord |
| pause zelfstandig naamwoord | /pɔːz/ | pauze |
| paragraph zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈpæɹəɡɹæf/ | alinea, paragraaf |
| rhythm zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɹɪð.əm/ | ritme |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Betekenis |
|---|---|
| find out werkwoord | ontdekken, onderzoeken |
Zinnen om te herhalen
Korte, volledige zinnen uit de video die je in alledaagse gesprekken kunt gebruiken:
- Hey, can you tell me about relative clauses?
- First, do you know what clauses are?
- Can you give me an example?
- Why don't we try both ways and see how they sound?
- We just take it out?
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding | decide which is · Story, which was · clause, which is |
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | We've talked · haven't seen |
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | is related · are related |
| Advies met “should” should + werkwoord — zeggen wat een goed idee is | should fit · should use · should come |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 18 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals we'll, doesn't, don't. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: clause /klɔːz/, depend /dɪˈpɛnd/, phrase /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/, possessive /pəˈzɛs.ɪv/, verb /vɝb/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: rabbit /ˈɹæbɪt/, grandparent /ˈɡɹæn(d)pɛəɹənt/, paragraph /ˈpæɹəɡɹæf/, sandwich /ˈsæn(d).wɪd͡ʒ/
- /g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: gotcha /ˈɡɑ.tʃə/, grandparent /ˈɡɹæn(d)pɛəɹənt/, paragraph /ˈpæɹəɡɹæf/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als clause, pronoun, noun.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.