Shadowing Practice: The Challenges of Cultural Diversity - Learn English Speaking with Video

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In 2019, the World Health Organization estimated that there are about 1 billion migrants in the world, nearly 1 in 8 people.

This means that more than ever before, we live in societies made out of many cultures, and this diversity can be a beautiful thing.

In Australia, Harmony Day is celebrated on the 21st of March each year, and aims to grow inclusiveness, respect, and a sense of belonging for everyone.

But the very fact that this course needs to be fought for, implies that it's not something everyone naturally does.

Cultures can have very fundamental differences and this can lead to stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination.

I spoke in a previous video lesson about how stereotypes can be understood using the tri-component model of attitudes.

You can probably see how it can be applied to the way cultural groups perceive each other.

It's not difficult for prejudice to occur and how individuals might think

or feel about people in another group and this can lead to discrimination in their behavior.

However, some factors make prejudice more likely to happen.

For example, a cultural insensitivity or lack of awareness.

There are often cultural reasons why a person may choose not to eat a certain food or work on a certain day.

But if someone else didn't know that, they might assume that the person was being unnecessarily fussy or lazy.

Different cultures may also have different approaches to completing tasks or making decisions.

For example, in indigenous Australian culture, big decisions are only made after a majority has been reached in the clan.

This can be frustrating for someone who doesn't understand this cultural norm

and perhaps comes from a more individualistic culture where everyone makes their own decisions.

And finally differences in verbal and nonverbal communication styles can also result in potential conflict.

All this conflict and frustration that can arise due to these factors may result in the formation of stereotypes, which in turn may develop into prejudice.

When it comes to issues of cultural diversity, this prejudice may be expressed as xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and racism.

Let's look at each of those.

Xenophobia can be described as the fear of or strong animosity towards people of different races or cultural backgrounds.

For some people, this is a default position.

They're often really just afraid of the impact

that the foreign cultural ideals might have on the status quo in the majority culture.

However, this ends up leading to an immediate distrust of any culture apart from their own.

Ethnocentrism is another expression of this.

The belief that your own ethnicity or culture is superior to all the others.

This can be used to justify excluding other cultures into society or wanting to stop immigrants altogether.

And finally, racism, which are negative emotions or actions towards someone simply based on their race.

It's similar to ethnocentrism in that there's the belief that one's own race is the most superior. In 2018, a manager at Starbucks in the United States called the police

on two African American men in her store who were waiting for their friend to arrive for a meeting.

She will later argue that they hadn't bought anything and were just sitting in the store, But the two men ended up getting arrested by the police and removed, although they ended up not being charged with anything.

There were other customers who filmed the event and told the media that they had not bought anything either, but had not been asked to leave.

Even if there were various factors at play, one of them was almost definitely the race of the two men.

The woman might argue that she wasn't trying to be a racist, but racism can be expressed in different ways.

Again, from a previous lesson, we saw that the attitudes that people hold can be explicit or implicit, visible or unseen.

Explicit racism is easy to spot and unfortunately still very present in our world today.

It's blatant discrimination against a group of people based solely on their race.

Examples of explicit racism include the actions of hate groups such as neo-nazis and white nationalists, racial slurs or derogatory terms,

or when people openly talk negatively about particular cultural groups.

Political parties can also express racist policies and openly attack certain cultures.

But implicit racism is harder to detect because it's often unconscious or concealed.

However, it still ends up impacting the judgments and decisions that people make towards people from different cultures or ethnic groups.

The Starbucks manager may have acted the way she did out of implicit racism.

Other examples include police pulling drivers over due to the color of their skin, people mistrusting those who look different from them,

juries being more likely to pronounce the suspect as guilty based on their race, and more.

A month after the incident, Starbucks closed all 8,000 of the US stores for four hours to conduct training specifically aimed at reducing implicit racism

and indeed implicit bias of any kind.

Stores in Canada followed suit not long after.

But was that enough?

Many experts suggest that racism is embedded far deeper than a single workshop can reveal.

A continued effort must be made if we're to address racism, both explicit and implicit, as one of the main challenges that cultural diversity presents.

Is it possible for Harmony Day to be every day?

We may not know, but it's definitely worth trying.

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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les

Deze spreekles op niveau B2 is gebaseerd op de video “The Challenges of Cultural Diversity”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: culture, racism, cultural, implicit, race. Deze video bevat 55 zinnen en 903 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 5:05. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 178 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. 82% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken.

Belangrijke woorden in deze video

De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:

Woord	Uitspraak	Betekenis
implicit bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/ɪmˈplɪsɪt/	impliciet
prejudice zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈpɹɛd͡ʒədɪs/	vooroordeel
explicit bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/ɪkˈsplɪs.ɪt/	expliciet, uitdrukkelijk
ethnocentrism zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˌɛθ.nəʊˈsɛn.tɹɪzm̩/	etnocentrisme
stereotype zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈstɛ.ɹi.əˌtaɪp/	stereotype
xenophobia zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˌziː.nəˈfoʊ.bi.ə/	xenofobie, vreemdelingenhaat
animosity zelfstandig naamwoord	/æn.ɪˈmɒs.ɪ.ti/	verbittering
blatant bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/ˈbleɪtənt/	schaamteloos, openlijk
derogatory bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/dɪˈɹɑɡəˌtɔɹi/	denigrerend, beledigend
distrust zelfstandig naamwoord	/dɪsˈtɹʌst/	wantrouwen
frustrate werkwoord	/ˈfɹʌsˌtɹeɪt/	frustreren
individualistic bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/ˌɪn.dɪˌvɪ.dʒu.əˈlɪ.stɪk/	individualistisch
mistrust zelfstandig naamwoord	/mɪsˈtɹʌst/	wantrouwen
unnecessarily bijwoord		onnodig
conceal werkwoord	/kənˈsil/	verbergen, verstoppen

Phrasal verbs die je zult horen

Woord	Betekenis
end up werkwoord	belanden, terechtkomen

Grammatica in deze video

De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:

Structuur	In de video
Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet	is celebrated · be fought · can be understood
Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding	someone who doesn · racism, which are · those who look

Uitspraak om op te letten

De spreker gebruikt 6 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals didn't, doesn't, hadn't. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.

De “th”-klanken: ethnocentrism /ˌɛθ.nəʊˈsɛn.tɹɪzm̩/, ethnicity /ɛθˈnɪsɪti/, altogether /ɔl.tuˈɡɛð.ɚ/
De klanken “sh” en “zh”: nationalist /ˈnæʃ.ə.nə.lɪst/, unconscious /ˌʌnˈkɑnʃəs/, frustration /fɹʌsˈtɹeɪ.ʃən/, workshop /ˈwɝk.ʃɑp/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/
Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: ethnocentrism /ˌɛθ.nəʊˈsɛn.tɹɪzm̩/, stereotype /ˈstɛ.ɹi.əˌtaɪp/, xenophobia /ˌziː.nəˈfoʊ.bi.ə/, animosity /æn.ɪˈmɒs.ɪ.ti/, derogatory /dɪˈɹɑɡəˌtɔɹi/

Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:

Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: perceive /pɚˈsiv/, exclude /ɪksˈkluːd/, arise /əˈɹaɪz/
/æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: animosity /æn.ɪˈmɒs.ɪ.ti/, nationalist /ˈnæʃ.ə.nə.lɪst/, clan /klæn/
/g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: derogatory /dɪˈɹɑɡəˌtɔɹi/, migrant /ˈmaɪɡɹənt/, immigrant /ˈɪmɪɡɹənt/, altogether /ɔl.tuˈɡɛð.ɚ/

Zo oefen je met deze video

Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als implicit, prejudice, explicit.

Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?

Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.

Shadowing-techniek: lees de volledige stap-voor-stap-gids →

Shadowing Practice: The Challenges of Cultural Diversity - Learn English Speaking with Video

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