跟读练习: The Challenges of Cultural Diversity - 通过视频学习英语口语
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In 2019, the World Health Organization estimated that there are about 1 billion migrants in the world, nearly 1 in 8 people.
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This means that more than ever before, we live in societies made out of many cultures, and this diversity can be a beautiful thing.
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In Australia, Harmony Day is celebrated on the 21st of March each year, and aims to grow inclusiveness, respect, and a sense of belonging for everyone.
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But the very fact that this course needs to be fought for, implies that it's not something everyone naturally does.
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Cultures can have very fundamental differences and this can lead to stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination.
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I spoke in a previous video lesson about how stereotypes can be understood using the tri-component model of attitudes.
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You can probably see how it can be applied to the way cultural groups perceive each other.
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It's not difficult for prejudice to occur and how individuals might think
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or feel about people in another group and this can lead to discrimination in their behavior.
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However, some factors make prejudice more likely to happen.
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For example, a cultural insensitivity or lack of awareness.
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There are often cultural reasons why a person may choose not to eat a certain food or work on a certain day.
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But if someone else didn't know that, they might assume that the person was being unnecessarily fussy or lazy.
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Different cultures may also have different approaches to completing tasks or making decisions.
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For example, in indigenous Australian culture, big decisions are only made after a majority has been reached in the clan.
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This can be frustrating for someone who doesn't understand this cultural norm
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and perhaps comes from a more individualistic culture where everyone makes their own decisions.
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And finally differences in verbal and nonverbal communication styles can also result in potential conflict.
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All this conflict and frustration that can arise due to these factors may result in the formation of stereotypes, which in turn may develop into prejudice.
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When it comes to issues of cultural diversity, this prejudice may be expressed as xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and racism.
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Let's look at each of those.
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Xenophobia can be described as the fear of or strong animosity towards people of different races or cultural backgrounds.
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For some people, this is a default position.
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They're often really just afraid of the impact
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that the foreign cultural ideals might have on the status quo in the majority culture.
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However, this ends up leading to an immediate distrust of any culture apart from their own.
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Ethnocentrism is another expression of this.
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The belief that your own ethnicity or culture is superior to all the others.
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This can be used to justify excluding other cultures into society or wanting to stop immigrants altogether.
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And finally, racism, which are negative emotions or actions towards someone simply based on their race.
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It's similar to ethnocentrism in that there's the belief that one's own race is the most superior. In 2018, a manager at Starbucks in the United States called the police
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on two African American men in her store who were waiting for their friend to arrive for a meeting.
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She will later argue that they hadn't bought anything and were just sitting in the store, But the two men ended up getting arrested by the police and removed, although they ended up not being charged with anything.
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There were other customers who filmed the event and told the media that they had not bought anything either, but had not been asked to leave.
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Even if there were various factors at play, one of them was almost definitely the race of the two men.
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The woman might argue that she wasn't trying to be a racist, but racism can be expressed in different ways.
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Again, from a previous lesson, we saw that the attitudes that people hold can be explicit or implicit, visible or unseen.
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Explicit racism is easy to spot and unfortunately still very present in our world today.
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It's blatant discrimination against a group of people based solely on their race.
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Examples of explicit racism include the actions of hate groups such as neo-nazis and white nationalists, racial slurs or derogatory terms,
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or when people openly talk negatively about particular cultural groups.
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Political parties can also express racist policies and openly attack certain cultures.
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But implicit racism is harder to detect because it's often unconscious or concealed.
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However, it still ends up impacting the judgments and decisions that people make towards people from different cultures or ethnic groups.
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The Starbucks manager may have acted the way she did out of implicit racism.
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Other examples include police pulling drivers over due to the color of their skin, people mistrusting those who look different from them,
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juries being more likely to pronounce the suspect as guilty based on their race, and more.
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A month after the incident, Starbucks closed all 8,000 of the US stores for four hours to conduct training specifically aimed at reducing implicit racism
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and indeed implicit bias of any kind.
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Stores in Canada followed suit not long after.
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But was that enough?
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Many experts suggest that racism is embedded far deeper than a single workshop can reveal.
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A continued effort must be made if we're to address racism, both explicit and implicit, as one of the main challenges that cultural diversity presents.
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Is it possible for Harmony Day to be every day?
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We may not know, but it's definitely worth trying.
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为什么用这个视频练习口语？
这个视频围绕“文化多样性的挑战”展开，话题贴近现实生活，涵盖社会现象、心理分析和真实案例，非常适合用来练习英语口语练习或雅思口语练习。它的语料丰富，既有客观数据（如“10亿移民”），也有具体事件（如星巴克事件），还有专业术语（如“内隐偏见”），能帮助你在不同语境下提升表达能力。通过shadow speak（影子跟读法）模仿视频中的语速、语调，不仅能锻炼口语流畅度，还能加深对跨文化话题的理解，让你在雅思口语考试或日常交流中应对这类话题时更自信。
语境中的语法与表达
视频中有几个实用表达值得关注：
- “This means that more than ever before, we live in societies made out of many cultures” 中，“made out of”表示“由……构成”，比“made of”更强调融合，可用于描述多元文化社会。
- “the very fact that this course needs to be fought for, implies that it's not something everyone naturally does” 里，“the very fact that... implies that...”是典型的议论文结构，用来引出观点，适合在口语论述中增强逻辑性。
- “racism can be expressed in different ways. Again, from a previous lesson, we saw that the attitudes that people hold can be explicit or implicit” 中，“can be expressed in... ways”和“can be... or...”的并列结构，能让表达更清晰，适合说明复杂概念（如“种族主义的表现形式”）。
常见发音陷阱
视频里有些单词的发音需要注意：
- “xenophobia”（仇外心理）的发音为/ˌzenəˈfəʊbiə/，其中“x”发/ z /，容易被误读为/ ks /，练习时可通过shadowspeak反复模仿。
- “ethnocentrism”（种族中心主义）的重音在第二个音节/ˌeθnəʊˈsentrɪzəm/，不要读成/ˌeθˈnəʊsentrɪzəm/。
- “implicit”（内隐的）的发音是/ɪmˈplɪsɪt/，而“explicit”（外显的）是/ɪkˈsplɪsɪt/，两者前缀不同，发音也有区别，需注意区分。
多跟着视频进行shadowspeaks练习，就能逐渐掌握这些发音难点，让口语更地道。
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | is celebrated · be fought · can be understood |
| 定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物 | someone who doesn · racism, which are · those who look |
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。