Shadowing Practice: The Challenges of Cultural Diversity - Learn English Speaking with Video
בחר מצב תרגול
כל מצב פותח חדר תרגול במסך מלא.
55 משפטים
אם המשפטים קצרים או ארוכים מדי, לחץ על ערוך כדי להתאים אותם.
1
In 2019, the World Health Organization estimated that there are about 1 billion migrants in the world, nearly 1 in 8 people.
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This means that more than ever before, we live in societies made out of many cultures, and this diversity can be a beautiful thing.
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In Australia, Harmony Day is celebrated on the 21st of March each year, and aims to grow inclusiveness, respect, and a sense of belonging for everyone.
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But the very fact that this course needs to be fought for, implies that it's not something everyone naturally does.
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Cultures can have very fundamental differences and this can lead to stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination.
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I spoke in a previous video lesson about how stereotypes can be understood using the tri-component model of attitudes.
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You can probably see how it can be applied to the way cultural groups perceive each other.
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It's not difficult for prejudice to occur and how individuals might think
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or feel about people in another group and this can lead to discrimination in their behavior.
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However, some factors make prejudice more likely to happen.
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For example, a cultural insensitivity or lack of awareness.
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There are often cultural reasons why a person may choose not to eat a certain food or work on a certain day.
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But if someone else didn't know that, they might assume that the person was being unnecessarily fussy or lazy.
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Different cultures may also have different approaches to completing tasks or making decisions.
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For example, in indigenous Australian culture, big decisions are only made after a majority has been reached in the clan.
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This can be frustrating for someone who doesn't understand this cultural norm
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and perhaps comes from a more individualistic culture where everyone makes their own decisions.
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And finally differences in verbal and nonverbal communication styles can also result in potential conflict.
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All this conflict and frustration that can arise due to these factors may result in the formation of stereotypes, which in turn may develop into prejudice.
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When it comes to issues of cultural diversity, this prejudice may be expressed as xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and racism.
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Let's look at each of those.
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Xenophobia can be described as the fear of or strong animosity towards people of different races or cultural backgrounds.
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For some people, this is a default position.
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They're often really just afraid of the impact
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that the foreign cultural ideals might have on the status quo in the majority culture.
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However, this ends up leading to an immediate distrust of any culture apart from their own.
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Ethnocentrism is another expression of this.
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The belief that your own ethnicity or culture is superior to all the others.
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This can be used to justify excluding other cultures into society or wanting to stop immigrants altogether.
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And finally, racism, which are negative emotions or actions towards someone simply based on their race.
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It's similar to ethnocentrism in that there's the belief that one's own race is the most superior. In 2018, a manager at Starbucks in the United States called the police
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on two African American men in her store who were waiting for their friend to arrive for a meeting.
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She will later argue that they hadn't bought anything and were just sitting in the store, But the two men ended up getting arrested by the police and removed, although they ended up not being charged with anything.
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There were other customers who filmed the event and told the media that they had not bought anything either, but had not been asked to leave.
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Even if there were various factors at play, one of them was almost definitely the race of the two men.
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The woman might argue that she wasn't trying to be a racist, but racism can be expressed in different ways.
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Again, from a previous lesson, we saw that the attitudes that people hold can be explicit or implicit, visible or unseen.
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Explicit racism is easy to spot and unfortunately still very present in our world today.
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It's blatant discrimination against a group of people based solely on their race.
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Examples of explicit racism include the actions of hate groups such as neo-nazis and white nationalists, racial slurs or derogatory terms,
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or when people openly talk negatively about particular cultural groups.
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Political parties can also express racist policies and openly attack certain cultures.
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But implicit racism is harder to detect because it's often unconscious or concealed.
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However, it still ends up impacting the judgments and decisions that people make towards people from different cultures or ethnic groups.
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The Starbucks manager may have acted the way she did out of implicit racism.
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Other examples include police pulling drivers over due to the color of their skin, people mistrusting those who look different from them,
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juries being more likely to pronounce the suspect as guilty based on their race, and more.
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A month after the incident, Starbucks closed all 8,000 of the US stores for four hours to conduct training specifically aimed at reducing implicit racism
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and indeed implicit bias of any kind.
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Stores in Canada followed suit not long after.
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But was that enough?
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Many experts suggest that racism is embedded far deeper than a single workshop can reveal.
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A continued effort must be made if we're to address racism, both explicit and implicit, as one of the main challenges that cultural diversity presents.
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Is it possible for Harmony Day to be every day?
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We may not know, but it's definitely worth trying.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “The Challenges of Cultural Diversity”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: culture, racism, cultural, implicit, race. בסרטון הזה יש 55 משפטים ו-903 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 5:05. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-178 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. 82% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית; כדאי ללמוד את השאר לפני שמתחילים.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
14 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| prejudice שם עצם | /ˈpɹɛd͡ʒədɪs/ | דֵּעָה קְדוּמָה |
| explicit שם תואר | /ɪkˈsplɪs.ɪt/ | בּוֹטֶה |
| stereotype שם עצם | /ˈstɛ.ɹi.əˌtaɪp/ | סְטֵרֵאוֹטִיפּ, סטריאוטיפ |
| xenophobia שם עצם | /ˌziː.nəˈfoʊ.bi.ə/ | שִׂנְאַת זָרִים |
| animosity שם עצם | /æn.ɪˈmɒs.ɪ.ti/ | מַשְׂטֵמָה |
| derogatory שם תואר | /dɪˈɹɑɡəˌtɔɹi/ | פּוֹגֵעַ |
| frustrate פועל | /ˈfɹʌsˌtɹeɪt/ | תִּסְכֵּל |
| ethnicity שם עצם | /ɛθˈnɪsɪti/ | לאום, לְאֹם |
| exclude פועל | /ɪksˈkluːd/ | לא הכליל |
| nationalist שם עצם | /ˈnæʃ.ə.nə.lɪst/ | לאומני \ לְאֻמָּנִי |
| frustration שם עצם | /fɹʌsˈtɹeɪ.ʃən/ | תסכול |
| clan שם עצם | /klæn/ | חמולה |
| immigrant שם עצם | /ˈɪmɪɡɹənt/ | מְהַגֵּר, מְהַגֶּרֶת |
| detect פועל | /dɪˈtɛkt/ | גילה, זיהה |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | is celebrated · be fought · can be understood |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | someone who doesn · racism, which are · those who look |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-6 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו didn't, doesn't, hadn't. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “th”: ethnocentrism /ˌɛθ.nəʊˈsɛn.tɹɪzm̩/, ethnicity /ɛθˈnɪsɪti/, altogether /ɔl.tuˈɡɛð.ɚ/
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: nationalist /ˈnæʃ.ə.nə.lɪst/, unconscious /ˌʌnˈkɑnʃəs/, frustration /fɹʌsˈtɹeɪ.ʃən/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: ethnocentrism /ˌɛθ.nəʊˈsɛn.tɹɪzm̩/, stereotype /ˈstɛ.ɹi.əˌtaɪp/, xenophobia /ˌziː.nəˈfoʊ.bi.ə/, animosity /æn.ɪˈmɒs.ɪ.ti/, derogatory /dɪˈɹɑɡəˌtɔɹi/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: animosity /æn.ɪˈmɒs.ɪ.ti/, nationalist /ˈnæʃ.ə.nə.lɪst/, clan /klæn/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: prejudice /ˈpɹɛd͡ʒədɪs/, ethnocentrism /ˌɛθ.nəʊˈsɛn.tɹɪzm̩/, stereotype /ˈstɛ.ɹi.əˌtaɪp/, derogatory /dɪˈɹɑɡəˌtɔɹi/, distrust /dɪsˈtɹʌst/
- עיצור קולי בסוף מילה — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ בלי להפוך אותם לאטומים: perceive /pɚˈsiv/, exclude /ɪksˈkluːd/, arise /əˈɹaɪz/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו prejudice, explicit, stereotype.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.