Shadowing Practice: Variador de Frecuencia Explicado - Conceptos Básicos del VFD Inversor de IGBT - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Hello everyone, Paul from EngineeringMindset.com.

In this video we are going to see the VFD, starting with the basic to understand how they work.

Remember that electricity is dangerous and can be fatal.

They must be trained and competent to carry out any electrical work.

If you work in HVAC, then you need to review the inverter's compresors that have been patrocinated this video.

When they use it in combination with the variable speed, like the VFD, that we are covering in the video of today, they make that all your unit HVAC is more efficient,

earning money to you and your clients.

If you want to know more, Danfoss has several capacities in line and stories of cases to consult.

You can find them using the link in the description below.

VFD are the English sign in English of a frequency and they are similar to this.

Also, they could also call the velocity of speed because they use them to control the velocity of a motor of CA.

We find the CAA and VFD used in all industries, especially the HVAC.

For example, we can find the use of the velocity of a compressor in a refrigeration system,

which allows exactly the demand of refrigeration and that result in an important ahorro of energy.

Traditionally, we would have had to use compressors fixed speed that simply open and apagant, resulting in a poor control.

We also found them used to control things like bombs and ventilators in systems of HVAC to allow us to gain energy, improve the energy and control.

The VFD is connected to the electric energy in the motors.

The unit can vary the frequency of electricity

that is used to accionar the motor and we can control the speed of rotation of the motor.

Therefore, we have our frequency variable.

To understand how a VFD works, first we need to understand some basic fundamentals of electricity.

There are two types of electricity and the first one is the CD or the direct current.

This is the most simple type and we get from batteries, panels, solar, etc. You can imagine the CD as a river with a water that flows in one direction.

With the direct current, the electron only flows in a single direction.

I am using the current current current, which is negative to positive, but you may be used to see the conventional current current, which is positive to negative.

The current current current is what really is happening.

The conventional theory was the original theory.

Only we have to take into account the two theories and the one we are using.

For that electricity flow, we need to complete the circuit.

The electricity always tries to return to its source.

When we use a oscilloscope to look at the shape of the electrician for the direct current current, we obtain this plane plane at maximum voltage in the positive region.

If we cut the energy, the line falls to zero.

If we turn and open repeatedly, we obtain a square pattern between zero and maximum.

If we press the interruptor to open and close during different time periods, then we obtain a pulsant pattern.

The other type of electricity is the CA or the alternative.

This type of electricity is the one that will be obtained from your houses and places of work.

With this type of electricity, the electrones inside the copper cable are constantly investing and flow towards the back, towards the back, towards the back,

etc. It can be considered this type of electricity as the sea of the sea that flows between two points maximum, the high and low.

If we follow the copper cables to the generator, the cables are connected to the bobinas that are inside the generator.

In a basic generator we also find an imane in the center that is girly.

The imane has a north and a south, or you can think of it as half positive and half negative.

The electrones of the lamp are charged negatively.

As you know, the imanes push or attract depending on the polarity.

As soon as the iman turns out, the mid-sponsors and negative sides will push and attract the electrones inside the copper copper and also through cables connected.

The magnetic field of the magnetic field varies in intensity.

We can see the magnetic field of magnetic field radiating some of the iron iron iron on the iron.

So as the magnetic field of magnetic field of magnetic field, this will experience a change in the magnetic field of magnetic field from zero to its maximum intensity and then,

as it passes through the magnetic field, will continue to zero.

Then the negative is the electron to the same change of intensity.

Therefore, each of the whole rotation of the imán will produce this pattern of the unknown as the xenoid.

The voltage is constant in this type of electricity and in its place it moves repeatedly from 0 to 0, from 0 to 0, then from 0 to 0,

and finally from 0 to 0 again.

The frequency refers to how many times this wave of Xenoidal is repeated by second.

In North America and in other parts of the world, we find electricity of 60 Hz in the current time, which means that the wave of Xenoidal is repeated 60 times per second,

and as each wave has half positive and half negative, this means that its polarity will invert, so 120 times per second.

In the rest of the world we have more electricity of 50 Hz, so the wave of xenoidal is repeated 50 times per second, and therefore the current is inverted 100 times per second.

We also have electricity monofasic and trifasic.

With the monofasic we have a connection to one single phase of a generator, so we have a single wave of xenoidal.

But with the electric wave of xenoidal we have a connection to the three phases.

The fases are bobinas of wire that are placed in the generator at 120 degrees of distance from the previous.

This means that the bobinas experiment the peak of magnetic magnetic giratory in different moments.

This gives us three phases, each one with a different sound of a different light, slightly synchronized from the previous.

Remember that the electricity wants to return to its source in a closed circuit.

As the current flows forward, we can move forward to the front and back in a different moment.

Any excess will flow the neutro back to the source if necessary, and that is only if it is balanced.

With the monofasica we have these large spaces between the picos, but with trifasica, these can be combined to fill the spaces and, therefore, give more energy.

In North America, there is a phase phase divided in residential installations, and these have two cables energetically and one neutro.

This is a monofasic supply that divide by half in the transformer.

We covered this with great detail.

echa un vistazo a esto en los enlaces de abajo

instalamos el vfd en la fuente de alimentación de un motor

de tea normalmente es una fuente trifásica para la mayoría de las aplicaciones voy a colorear estas fases en rojo,

amarillo y azul porque creo que es más fácil de ver pero cada país utiliza un código de color diferente, solo ten en cuenta esto

las tres fases entran en el vfd y se conectan al rectificador el rectificador consiste en múltiples diodos conectados en paralelo

The diodes only allow the electricity to flow in one direction and block your return in the opposite direction.

As the CA is going forward and back, we control the path that can take and this gives us a break of CD in brut.

The electricity of CD in brut.

The second part is the filter of CD.

This is a filter that uses capacitors and inductors to suave the CD rectified in a voltage of CD limp, suave and constant.

The filter is liberating electrons during the intervals to suave the ondulation.

The suave CD is then flowing to the final section, which is the inversor.

The inverter consists of a number of electrical interruptions, known as IGBTs.

These are open and turn in pairs to control the flow of electricity.

Controlando the way that takes electricity and how long it flows in different paths, we can produce electricity from the CD from the source of CD.

Let's see now in detail each part.

We will consider the first part of the VFD, which is the rectificator.

In this part, we have 6 LEDs in parallel.

We call them from 1 to 6 of the following way.

Each of the three phases is connected to a pair of LEDs.

As we know, the electricity needs to return to its source to complete the circuit, so in this configuration, the current will flow through the charge and will return to the source using another phase.

You can do this because the current in each phase is flowing towards the front and back in different moments.

We will see this in detail in a moment.

The charge can be anything, a lamp, a motor or a complete circuit.

In this case, it will only represent the rest of our VFD circuit.

The electricity will be alternated in the phase of supply, but the diode will only leave the phase of the peak and block the other, so I'll show you these.

Let's see this in action.

1. The phase 1 is the first.

This is the first.

It enters and only can flow in one direction, which is through the diode 1.

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Luego pasa a través de la carga.

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Una vez que la corriente pasa a través de la carga

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tendrá que volver a la fuente y como la fase 2 está en la mitad negativa de su ciclo, la corriente fluirá a través del diodo 6 a la fase 2.

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2. En el siguiente segmento vemos que la corriente sigue fluyendo en la fase 1 y el diodo 1, pero ahora la fase 3 está en su mitad negativa,

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por lo que la corriente cambia y el flujo vuelve a pasar por esta fase a través del diodo 2.

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3. In the next segment, the phase 2 is close to its peak, so the current now flows in this phase through the 3.

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Then, it flows through the charge and returns through the phase 3 through the 2.

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In the next segment, the current continues flowing in the phase 2 through the 3, but the phase 1 is now in its peak,

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so the current will flow through the 4 back to the phase 1.

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5. In the next segment we see that phase 3 is now approaching the positive phase, so that the current flow through this phase through the 5,

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then flow through the charge and then return through the 4 to the phase 1.

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6. Finally, the current goes through the phase 3 through the 5, through the 5, and then return to the phase 2 through the 6.

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This cycle is repeated constantly in this way.

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The oscilloscope of the tricycle of the tricycle of the charge

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shows three of the sine of sine of the power to the electrician of the CEA, but the oscilloscope of the charge shows this electrician of direct current in brutto with some of the ondulations.

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Now we have to suave those rizos to clean the electrician of direct current current.

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For this, we connect a capacitor between the positive and the negative.

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This capacitor is like a tank of almacenamiento and absorber the electron

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when there is an excess and inject the electron when there is a reduction.

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This will be able to use the electricity of CD in a smooth and agradable signal in the oscilloscope.

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We have covered the capacitors with great detail.

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Echale a look at the video in the lower part.

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Now that we have the CD limp, we are ready to turn it again in CEA control with precision and variable frequency.

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For why we need an inverter.

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An inverter is basically a number of IGBTs that are interruptors that can encend and be very quickly.

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I will illustrate them using simple interruptors instead of IGBTs to make more easy visualizations.

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I will enumerate these interruptors in the following way.

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For obtain our three phases, we need to open and close the interruptors in pairs to direct the flow of current to form our supply and return.

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So, the power connected will experience the alternate current.

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Remember that the CEA is when the current is inverted.

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So, if we take a lamp and connect a few interruptors and a source of energy direct energy, we can control the direction of the current current through the lamp,

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opening and closing the interruptors in the correct order.

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Therefore, the lamp experiment a alternate current, although it comes from a source of direct current current.

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For the suministro trifásico we program the interruptor for simulate three phases.

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Let's see how this cycle works.

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First, we call 1 and 6.

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This will make the phase 1 to the phase 2.

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Then we call 1 and 2.

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This will make the phase 1 to the phase 3.

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Then we call 3 and 2.

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This will make the phase 2 and 3.

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Then we call 3 and 4.

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This will make the phase 2 and 1.

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Luego cerramos los interruptores 5 y 4, esto nos dará la fase 3 y 1.

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Luego cerramos los interruptores 5 y 6, esto nos dará la fase 3 y 2.

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Este ciclo se repite una y otra vez así.

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Si revisamos esto con el osciloscopio, ahora tendremos un patrón de onda que se parece a la CEA, excepto que es un poco cuadrado.

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This will work well for some applications, but not for all, so how can we improve it?

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Remember that before in the video I told you

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that we can open and close the interruptor at different velocities and durations to change the shape of the wave.

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We can also do that for this.

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What we do is use the controlador to open and close the interruptors several times per cycle in a pattern of pulsos.

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Each pulse varies in length.

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This is known as modulation of length.

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The cycle is divided in multiple segments smaller.

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Each segment has a total amount of current that could flow, but when we push the interruptors quickly control the amount of flow that occurs in each segment.

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This will be as a result a average average current that we see increase and decrease, giving us a pattern of onda.

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Therefore, the charge will experiment a xenoid.

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Cuantos más segmentos tengamos más cerca imitará la onda senoidal.

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Podemos controlar el voltaje de salida controlando cuánto tiempo están cerrados los interruptores,

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así que podríamos por ejemplo dar salida a 240 o 120 voltios recortando los tiempos de apertura y cierre.

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Podemos controlar la frecuencia controlando el tiempo de los interruptores, así que podríamos por ejemplo dar salida a 60,

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50 o 30 Hz, lo que sea necesario para la aplicación.

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Remember that when we control the frequency, we control the velocity of rotation of the motor.

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So, back to our VFD circuit, we use the controlador to open and close the interruptors to vary the frequency and the voltage of the output.

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So, combinando the rectifier, the filter and the inversor, we obtain our frequency variable, which can be used to control the velocity of electric motors

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and make possible the cost of energy in all types of systems.

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Well, this is all for this video, but for continuing your learning, see one of our videos on the screen and see you in the next lesson.

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Don't forget to follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, as well as EngineeringMindset.com.

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Vocabulary and speaking notes for this lesson

This C1 speaking lesson is built on the video “Variador de Frecuencia Explicado - Conceptos Básicos del VFD Inversor de IGBT”. The speaker keeps coming back to these words: current, phase, electricity, flow, interruptor. This video has 168 sentences and 2611 words to shadow. The speech runs for 14:59. The speaker talks at a natural 174 words per minute, close to everyday conversation. Only 74% of the words are among the 3,000 most common in English, so the vocabulary is demanding.

Key vocabulary in this video

The 15 most advanced words in the video, with pronunciation and meaning:

Word	Pronunciation	Meaning
suave adjective	/swɑv/	Of a person, charming, though often in a manner that is insincere or sophisticated.
velocity noun	/vəˈlɑsəti/	A vector quantity that denotes the rate of change of position with respect to time, combining speed with a directional component.
generator noun	/ˈdʒɛnəɹeɪtə(ɹ)/	An apparatus in which vapour or gas is formed from a liquid or solid by means of heat or chemical process, as a steam boiler, gas retort etc.
lamp noun	/ˈlæ̝mp/	A device that generates light, heat, or other electromagnetic radiation. Especially an electric light bulb.
capacitor noun	/kəˈpæ.sə.tɚ/	An electronic component capable of storing electrical energy in an electric field; especially one consisting of two conductors separated by a dielectric.
electrician noun	/ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪʃən/	A tradesperson who installs, repairs and maintains electrical wiring and equipment.
oscilloscope noun	/əˈsɪl.ɪ.skəʊp/	An electronic measuring instrument that creates a visible two-dimensional graph, on a screen, of one or more continuously varying voltages or currents.
electron noun	/ɪˈlɛk.tɹɑn/	The subatomic particle having a negative charge and orbiting the nucleus; the flow of electrons in a conductor constitutes electricity.
voltage noun	/ˈvəʊltɪd͡ʒ/	The difference in electrostatic potential between two points in space, especially between live and neutral conductors or the earth.
diode noun	/ˈdaɪ.oʊd/	An electronic device that allows current to flow in one direction only; used chiefly as a rectifier.
interrupter noun		One who or that which interrupts.
invert verb	/ɪnˈvɜɹt/	To turn (something) upside down or inside out; to place in a contrary order or direction; to make (something) the opposite of it.
inverter noun	/ɪnˈvɝt.ɚ/	Something that inverts, or causes inversion.
rotation noun	/ɹoʊˈteɪʃən/	The act of turning around a centre or an axis.
brut adjective		very dry, and not sweet

Phrasal verbs you will hear

Word	Pronunciation	Meaning
carry out verb	/ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/	To hold while moving it out.
go through verb		To travel from one end of something to the other.
going forward adverb		In the immediate future and beyond.
pass through verb		To go through, to travel through, to transit or lie across a place or from one place to another.
turn out verb		To end up; to result.

Sentences worth repeating

Short, complete lines from the video that you can reuse in everyday conversation:

Let's see now in detail each part.
Let's see this in action.
Let's see how this cycle works.

Grammar in this video

The structures the speaker uses most, with the exact words from the video:

Structure	In the video
Passive voice be + past participle — the focus is on what happens, not who does it	must be trained · have been patrocinated · is connected
Relative clauses who / which + clause — extra information about a person or thing	current, which is · time, which means · section, which is
Present perfect have/has + past participle — a past action that still matters now	have been patrocinated · have covered

Pronunciation to watch

The “sh” and “zh” sounds: electrician /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪʃən/, rotation /ɹoʊˈteɪʃən/, interruption /ˌɪntəˈɹʌpʃən/, modulation /ˌmɑd͡ʒəˈleɪʃən/, configuration /kənˌfɪɡ.əˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/
Long words — get the stress right: velocity /vəˈlɑsəti/, generator /ˈdʒɛnəɹeɪtə(ɹ)/, capacitor /kəˈpæ.sə.tɚ/, electrician /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪʃən/, oscilloscope /əˈsɪl.ɪ.skəʊp/

How to practise with this video

Listen to the whole video once without speaking and note the words you do not know.
Start at 0.75× speed, shadow it sentence by sentence, then go back to normal speed once it feels easy.
Record yourself and compare with the original, paying attention to words like suave, velocity, generator.

What is the Shadowing Technique?

Shadowing is a science-backed language learning technique originally developed for professional interpreter training and popularized by polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. The method is simple but powerful: you listen to native English audio and immediately repeat it out loud — like a shadow following the speaker with just a 1–2 second delay. Unlike passive listening or grammar drills, shadowing forces your brain and mouth muscles to simultaneously process and reproduce real speech patterns. Research shows it significantly improves pronunciation accuracy, intonation, rhythm, connected speech, listening comprehension, and speaking fluency — making it one of the most effective methods for IELTS Speaking preparation and real-world English communication.

Shadowing technique: read the full step-by-step guide →

Shadowing Practice: Variador de Frecuencia Explicado - Conceptos Básicos del VFD Inversor de IGBT - Learn English Speaking with Video

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