Prática de Shadowing: ALL OF BUSINESS Explained in 20 Minutes - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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You're a human.
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You want stuff.
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A phone, a coffee, maybe a slightly nicer car than your neighbors.
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But here's the problem.
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Someone has to make that stuff.
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Someone has to sell it.
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Someone has to convince you to buy it instead of literally anything else.
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That's business.
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Business is the engine that turns ideas into products, products into money, and money into more products.
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It's how the world works.
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It's why you have an iPhone, why Amazon delivers to your door in 24 hours, and why there are 47 different types of bottled water at your local shop.
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Today, we're explaining all of it.
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Revenue, profit, marketing, business models, operations, the whole thing, in 20 minutes.
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Let's go.
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At its core, business is simple.
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Create something of value, sell it for more than it costs to make, keep the difference.
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That difference is called profit, and profit is the only reason businesses exist.
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A business without profit is a charity, or a hobby, or bankrupt.
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Every business, no matter how big or small, follows the same basic formula.
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Revenue minus costs equals profit.
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Revenue is the total money coming in from sales, also called top line.
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Costs are everything you spend to run the business.
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Materials, labor, rent, marketing, taxes, all of it.
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Profit is what's left, also called bottom line or net income.
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Sounds simple, right?
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It's not, because there are a million ways to generate revenue and a million ways to hemorrhage costs.
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Let's break it down.
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Revenue is how much money a business makes from selling goods or services.
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Not profit, just total sales.
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Apple made $391 billion in revenue in 2024.
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That's not profit.
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That's just how much money flowed into Apple from selling iPhones, Macs, iPads, and services.
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Amazon made $575 billion in revenue in 2023.
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Again, not profit, just total sales.
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Now, businesses generate revenue in different ways depending on their business model.
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Business model number one, B2C, business to consumer.
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This is when a business sells directly to you, the individual customer.
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Examples, Apple, Amazon, Netflix, your local coffee shop.
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Characteristics, shorter sales cycles, you buy quickly, lower average order values, you're not spending millions,
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relies heavily on marketing and brand.
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Business Model Number 2, B2B, Business to Business.
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This is when a business sells to another business, not individuals.
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Salesforce, Microsoft Azure, Boeing selling planes to airlines.
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Longer sales cycles, months or years.
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Higher average order values.
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Contracts worth thousands or millions.
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Relationship driven, requires sales teams.
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Business Model 3, Subscription Model.
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This is when customers pay a recurring fee for continued access to a product
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or service examples Netflix $15 per month Spotify SaaS companies like Adobe
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Creative Cloud why it's powerful predictable recurring revenue you know how
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much money is coming in every month subscription businesses grew five
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times faster than the S&P 500 over the last decade business
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model number four marketplace model the business doesn't sell products it connects buyers and sellers and takes a cut.
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eBay, Etsy, Airbnb, Uber.
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Commission fees, usually 10-30% per transaction, plus advertising.
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Business model number five.
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Freemium model.
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Give the basic product away for free.
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Charge for premium features.
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Spotify, free with ads, premium without.
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LinkedIn, in Dropbox.
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The goal, get millions of free users.
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Convert 2% to 5% to paid.
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That's enough to be profitable.
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Business model number six, direct to consumer or D2C.
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Skip the middleman.
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Sell directly to customers online.
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Examples?
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Warby Parker for glasses, Casper for mattresses, Dollar Shave Club.
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Advantage.
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Higher profit margins because you're not giving a cut to retailers.
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Revenue is sexy, costs are boring, but costs are what kill most businesses.
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There are two types of costs.
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Number one, cost of goods sold or COGS.
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The direct costs of making your product.
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For a t-shirt company, fabric, printing, labor to sew it.
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For a software company, server costs, hosting.
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For a restaurant, food, ingredients.
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The lower your COGS, the higher your gross profit margin.
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Number two, operating expenses or OPEX.
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Everything else, rent, salaries, marketing, utilities, software, taxes.
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Even if you sell nothing, these costs exist.
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Fixed costs stay the same no matter how much you sell.
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Rent, salaries.
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costs change based on sales volume.
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Shipping.
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Materials.
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Revenue means nothing if you're not keeping any of it.
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That's where profit margins come in.
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Gross profit margin.
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Formula.
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Revenue minus KEOGS divided by revenue times 100.
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This tells you how much money is left after you've paid for the direct costs of making your product.
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Example.
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You sell a phone for $1,000.
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It costs $400 to make.
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Gross profit equals $600.
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Gross margin equals 60%.
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Industry benchmarks, software and SaaS, 70 to 90%.
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Very low COGS.
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Retail, 20 to 50%.
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Restaurants, 60 to 70%.
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Manufacturing, 20 to 40%.
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Operating profit margin.
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Formula.
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Operating income divided by revenue times 100.
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This is gross profit minus operating expenses.
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It shows how efficiently you run the business.
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Example.
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Apple's operating margin is around 30%.
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For every $100 in revenue, $30 is operating profit.
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Net profit margin.
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Formula.
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Net income divided by revenue, times 100.
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This is the bottom line.
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After all costs, including taxes and interest, what's left?
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Industry averages, tech and software, 15 to 25%.
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Retail, 2 to 5%.
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Restaurants, 3 to 6%.
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Pharmaceuticals, 20 to 30%.
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Apple's net profit margin in 2024, around 24%.
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They made $94 billion in net profit on $391 billion in revenue.
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Amazon's net profit margin, around 3%.
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They made $30 billion in profit on $575 billion in revenue.
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Why the difference?
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Amazon reinvests almost everything into growth.
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Apple focuses on profitability.
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You can have the best product in the world.
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If nobody knows about it, you'll fail.
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Enter the four P's of marketing.
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Number one, product.
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What are you selling?
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What problem does it solve?
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Your product must fulfill a need or desire.
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Example, the iPhone wasn't the first smartphone, but it was the first to combine a phone, iPod, and internet device in one seamless package.
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That was the value proposition.
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Number two, price.
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What should you charge?
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Too high and no one buys too low and you seem cheap
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or go bankrupt pricing strategies cost plus pricing add a markup
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to your costs value-based pricing charge what customers are willing to pay Apple does this competitive pricing match or undercut competitors.
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Dynamic pricing, change prices based on demand.
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Uber, airlines.
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Stat, companies using dynamic pricing saw revenue increase by 5% on average, according to McKinsey.
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Number three, place.
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Where do customers buy your product?
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Physical stores, Apple stores, Walmart, e-commerce, Amazon, your own website.
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Marketplaces, eBay, Etsy.
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Direct to consumer, skip retailers, sell online.
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Place affects profit margins.
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Selling through a retailer means giving them 30 to 50 percent of the sale price.
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Number four, promotion.
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How do you tell people about your product?
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Traditional marketing, TV ads, billboards, print ads, digital marketing, 60 percent of all marketing in 2025.
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Social media ads, Instagram, Facebook, TikTok, Google ads, pay-per-click.
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Content Marketing Blogs Videos Influencer Partnerships Email Marketing Dollar Shave Club launched with a single viral YouTube video.
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Cost to make $4,500 12,000 orders in 48 hours and a $1 billion acquisition by Unilever.
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Marketing gets customers.
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Operations delivers the product.
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Supply Chain The process of getting raw materials, turning them into products, and delivering them to customers.
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Example A t-shirt company supply chain Cotton grown in India Fabric manufactured in Bangladesh
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Shirts printed in Vietnam Shipped to warehouses in the U.S.
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Delivered to customers Every step costs money The more efficient your supply chain, the higher your profit.
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Amazon's advantage They've built the most efficient supply chain in history.
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Warehouses everywhere.
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Same-day delivery.
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They've turned logistics into a competitive weapon.
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Inventory management.
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Too much inventory equals money tied up in unsold products.
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Too little inventory equals you can't fulfill orders, lost sales.
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Just-in-time inventory.
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Only order what you need when you need it.
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Pioneered by Toyota.
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Reduces waste.
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Customer acquisition cost, or CAAC.
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How much does it cost to get one new customer?
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Formula Total marketing spend divided by number of new customers.
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Example You spend $10,000 on ads and get 200 customers.
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CAC equals $50.
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Lifetime value, or LTV How much money does one customer generate over their entire relationship with your business?
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Formula Average purchase value times number of purchases per year times average customer lifespan.
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Example A Netflix subscriber pays $15 per month and stays for 3 years.
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LTV equals $15 times 12 times 3 equals $540.
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The golden rule, LTV must be higher than CAC.
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Ideally, LTV should be 3 times CAC or more.
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If it costs you $50 to acquire a customer, they should generate at least $150 in profit over their lifetime.
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Every business starts small.
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The winners figure out how to scale.
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Organic growth.
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Growing by selling more to existing customers or attracting new ones through marketing.
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Sustainable.
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No debt required.
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Slow.
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Funding and investment.
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Taking money from investors.
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Venture capital.
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Private equity to grow faster.
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Uber raised $24 billion from investors before going public.
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They used that money to expand globally and undercut competitors.
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You give up ownership, equity, in exchange for cash.
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Acquisitions.
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Buy other companies to grow faster.
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Example, Facebook bought Instagram for $1 billion in 2012.
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Instagram now generates over $50 billion in annual revenue for Meta.
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Franchising, let other people open locations of your business.
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They pay you a fee.
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Example, McDonald's has 40,000 locations worldwide.
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95% are franchises.
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McDonald's doesn't run them, franchisees do.
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McDonald's just collects fees and keeps the brand consistent.
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Let's see this in action with two of the biggest companies on earth.
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Apple.
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Revenue in 2024, $391 billion.
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Net profit, $94 billion.
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Net margin, 24%.
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Business model, B2C premium pricing, direct to consumer through Apple stores and website, plus retail partnerships.
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Key revenue streams.
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iPhone, $200 billion, 51% of revenue.
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Services, App Store, iCloud, Apple Music, $96 billion, 25%.
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Mac, iPad, Wearables, $95 billion, 24%.
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Why they're successful.
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Strong brand loyalty.
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High margins from premium pricing.
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Ecosystem lock-in.
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Once you have an iPhone, you buy AirPods, Apple Watch, iCloud, and more.
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Amazon.
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Revenue in 2023, $575 billion.
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Net profit, $30 billion.
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Net margin, around 5%.
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Business model, marketplace for third-party sellers, B2C direct sales, subscription through Amazon Prime,
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B2B through AWS Cloud Services.
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Key revenue streams, e-commerce, $390 billion dollars.
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Amazon Web Services or AWS, 90 billion dollars.
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Advertising, 50 billion dollars.
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Subscriptions through Prime, 40 billion dollars.
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Why they're successful.
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Reinvest everything into growth, warehouses, technology, logistics.
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AWS is the most profitable division with 30 to 40 percent margins.
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Prime creates recurring revenue and customer lock-in.
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So, what have we learned?
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Business is about creating value, selling it for more than it costs, and keeping the difference.
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That's profit.
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Revenue comes from selling products or services, and there are dozens of business models.
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B2C, B2B, subscriptions, marketplaces, freemium D2C.
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Profit margins tell you if you're actually making money.
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Gross margin, operating margin, net margin, each one tells a different story.
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Marketing gets customers through the four Ps.
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Product, price, place, promotion.
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Operations keeps the machine running.
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Supply chains, inventory, customer acquisition.
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Scaling happens through organic growth, funding, acquisitions, or franchising.
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And the biggest companies in the world, Apple, Amazon, Google, all follow these same principles.
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They just do it at massive scale.
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Business isn't magic.
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It's math, psychology, and execution.
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Now you know how it all works.
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That's business.
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All of it.
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In 20 minutes.
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If you got value from this, hit that subscribe button.
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We're breaking down complex topics every week.
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Economics, psychology, history, all of it.
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Drop a comment.
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What topic should we explain next?
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Thanks for watching.
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See you in the next one.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Este vídeo tem 267 frases e 1875 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 15:43. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 119 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. Apenas 79% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| margin substantivo | /ˈmɑɹ.d͡ʒɪn/ | margem |
| formula substantivo | /ˈfɔː.mjʊ.lə/ | fórmula |
| gross adjetivo | /ɡɹoʊs/ | bruto |
| acquisition substantivo | /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/ | aquisição |
| generate verbo | /ˈd͡ʒɛn.ə.ɹeɪt/ | gerar |
| inventory substantivo | /ˈɪn.vən.tɹi/ | inventário, existências |
| subscription substantivo | /səbˈskɹɪpʃən/ | subscrição, assinatura |
| premium substantivo | /ˈpɹiː.miː.əm/ | prêmio |
| divide verbo | /dɪˈvaɪd/ | dividir, separar |
| marketplace substantivo | mercado | |
| franchise substantivo | /ˈfɹænt͡ʃaɪ̯z/ | concessão |
| warehouse substantivo | /ˈwɛə(ɹ)haʊs/ | armazém |
| minus | /ˈmaɪ.nəs/ | menos |
| retailer substantivo | /ˈɹiteɪlɚ/ | varejista |
| topic substantivo | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | tópico, assunto |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| figure out verbo | descobrir, deduzir |
| give up verbo | render-se |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | you've paid · They've built · They've turned |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is called · is left |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 18 contrações e formas reduzidas, como you're, doesn't, they're. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/, subscription /səbˈskɹɪpʃən/, partnership /ˈpɑɹtnɚʃɪp/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, promotion /pɹəˈmoʊʃn̩/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, competitor /kəmˈpɛt.ɪ.tɚ/, economics /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/, execution /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como margin, formula, gross.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.