Prática de Shadowing: Using Would Have, Could Have, Should Have - English Grammar Lesson - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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179 frases
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Oh.
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Hello.
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I should have prepared for this lesson, and I guess now I don't know what to say.
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Whoops.
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Martin, you could have at least warned me.
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Now what are we going to do?
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I would have done it, but I was just so busy.
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I could have done it if you told me.
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Don't you have some notes or something we can use?
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I had some notes, but I can't find them.
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Well, think about it.
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Where could they be?
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Not sure.
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I could have left them on the bus.
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I should have never agreed to do this video.
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Hi, I'm Martin.
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Welcome to Oxford Online English!
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In this lesson, you can learn how to use would have, should have, and could have.
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These verbs would, should, could, etc. are modal verbs, so they don't have past forms like normal verbs do.
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Instead, you can talk about the past by adding have plus a past participle after the verb.
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In this lesson, you'll learn to use those modal verbs to talk about the past in English, what they mean, and how they're different.
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Sometimes you have moments when your life could go in very different ways.
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For example, maybe you take an important exam, and your result decides where you can go to university.
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Maybe you're thinking about moving to another country.
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Do you stay where you are, or do you leave?
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Perhaps you're in a relationship, and things aren't going so well.
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Do you stay and try to make it work, or do you move on?
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Life is full of these important moments and decisions.
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Try to think of something like this from your past.
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Now ask yourself.
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You made the choices you made.
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You passed the exam or you failed it.
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You moved to another country or you didn't.
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That's reality, but what if things had gone the other way?
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This is the imaginary past.
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You're imagining a different version of the past.
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You're asking yourself questions like, what if I had worked a bit harder and passed that exam?
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What if I had taken that job and moved to Italy?
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What if I had told her how I feel?
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This is where you use would have.
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Use would have to talk about the imaginary past.
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For example, if I had got better exam results, I would have got into Harvard.
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I wouldn't have met my wife if I had moved to Italy seven years ago.
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If I hadn't forgotten my pen that day, I wouldn't have asked to borrow yours, and we wouldn't have become friends!
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Think about your important moment from the past when your life could have gone in two very different directions.
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What would have happened if things had gone the other way?
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So you can use would have to talk about the imaginary past.
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What about our other verbs?
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Where do you suppose they are?
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I don't know.
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They're usually so reliable.
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I guess they could have mixed up the date.
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Shall we try calling them again?
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We can't wait forever.
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When will it be ready?
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I think next Thursday.
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You said you'd have it finished by the end of this week.
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Now what am I going to do?
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Sorry.
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You could have told me sooner that you weren't going to finish on time.
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Doctor, is it serious?
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No, it's just a scratch.
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But be more careful next time.
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You could have really hurt yourself.
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You can also use could have to talk about the imaginary past.
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If I'd had more time, I could have finished everything.
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He could have won it if he hadn't slipped at the start.
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When you use could have to talk about the imaginary past, you're talking about possibilities.
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We're talking about opportunities and chances which you didn't have in reality,
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but in your imaginary version of the past, you would have had these chances.
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However, could have can also have different meanings.
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Let's look!
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Here you saw three more ways to use could have.
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that you can go back and review the dialogues if you need to.
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Can you explain how could have is used in each of these dialogues?
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Could have can mean that you aren't sure about something in the past.
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You're talking about a possibility.
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They could have mixed up the date.
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I've lost my keys.
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I could have left them at work. Where are they?
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I guess they could have missed the train.
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In these examples, you aren't sure about something that happened in the past.
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You use could have to make a guess about what happened.
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You can also use could have to criticise someone.
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You could have told me sooner.
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You could have tidied up a bit.
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You could have worn something a bit nicer.
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In these examples, you want to criticise the other person for something they didn't do.
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Finally, you can use could have to mean that somebody was lucky to avoid a bad situation in the past.
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It's just a scratch, but you could have really hurt yourself.
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We were really late, and we could have missed our plane, but luckily we just made it!
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Let's review quickly.
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Could have has four different meanings. Can you remember them?
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You can use could have to talk about the imaginary past, to guess about something in the past which you aren't sure about,
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to criticise someone for something they didn't do, and to say that someone was lucky to avoid a bad situation.
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Next, what about should have?
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You just saw that could have can be used to criticise someone.
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Could have is similar, but you can use it in a wider variety of ways.
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Like could have, you can use it to criticise something that someone didn't do in the past.
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You should have called me like you promised.
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He should have checked the recipe before he started cooking.
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They should have practised penalties before the match.
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You can also use it to criticise something that someone did.
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You shouldn't have drunk so much at the wedding.
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She shouldn't have left everything to the last minute.
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You can even use it to criticise yourself.
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If you regret something which you did in the past, I should have realised what was going on.
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I shouldn't have said that.
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You can also use should have to apologise to someone.
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If you say, I shouldn't have said that, you're admitting that you made a wrong choice and that you regret it.
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This is the most common use of should have, criticizing others or yourself and talking about things you regret in the past.
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However, it has one more meaning.
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Look at three examples.
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Can you work out what should have means here?
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Here, you use should have to talk about something which you expected to happen, but it didn't happen.
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They should have been here by now means that you expected them to have arrived before now, but you're still waiting.
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It should have been ready an hour ago means that you expected everything to be ready earlier.
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Maybe you're cooking something, and it's taking much longer than you thought it would.
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The plane should have landed at 7.30.
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Means you expected the plane to land then, but it didn't.
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Probably you mean that the plane is late, and you're still waiting for it.
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Now, you should have learned two different ways to use should've.
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Let's practice using would have, could have, and should have together.
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You should have told me your friends were coming.
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I would have made some extra food.
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Sorry, I would have called you, but I had no phone credit.
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I should have topped up before we went out.
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What are we going to eat?
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We don't have much in the fridge.
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I should have stopped and got a takeaway on the way.
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Not to worry, we'll order something.
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Where's the food?
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I'm so hungry!
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They should have come by now, right?
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They're probably just busy.
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They could have forgotten.
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They would have called if there was a problem, don't you think?
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Relax.
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You should have had a snack when you got in.
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It'll be here soon. That was delicious!
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I've never had such a good meal.
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You could have left some for me.
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What am I supposed to eat?
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Oh, I'm sorry.
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I would have left some if I'd known you'd wanted some.
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I should have asked.
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Yeah, you should have.
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Oh well, there's half a cucumber in the fridge, I think.
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Look at three sentences from the dialogues.
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Can you explain what they mean?
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The first sentence is talking about the imaginary past.
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It means that if I had known you were bringing guests, I would have made some more food.
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But, in reality, I didn't know, so I didn't make enough food.
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The second sentence is talking about something you aren't sure about in the past.
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Do you remember the situation?
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We were waiting for our takeaway to arrive.
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It was late and we didn't know what happened.
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You use could have here to make a guess about something in the past when you don't know what happened.
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The third sentence is a criticism, or an expression of regret.
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If you say this, you mean that you made a mistake in the past.
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Think back to the dialogues.
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Did we use should have or could have in any other ways?
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Look at two more sentences.
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They should have come by now.
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It could have left some for me.
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What do should have and could have mean here?
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Here should have means that something didn't happen the way you expected.
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You expected the food to be here by now, but it isn't.
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Could have is used to criticise something which someone else didn't do.
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Now, hopefully you understand how to use would have, could have, and should have.
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Get more practice with the full version of this lesson, which includes a quiz to help your understanding of this topic.
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There's a link underneath the video.
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You can also find many more free English lessons on our website, OxfordOnlineEnglish.com.
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Finally, a question.
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Did you learn anything new about using would have, could have, or should have?
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What was new for you in this lesson?
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Please let us know in the comments.
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Thanks for watching!
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See you next time!
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível B1 usa o vídeo “Using Would Have, Could Have, Should Have - English Grammar Lesson”. Este vídeo tem 179 frases e 1723 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 13:57. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 124 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. 88% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é fácil de acompanhar. 32 das 179 frases são perguntas, por isso é um bom treino para a entonação de perguntas e respostas curtas.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| criticize verbo | /ˈkɹɪtɪsaɪz/ | criticar, culpar |
| imaginary adjetivo | /ɪˈmæd͡ʒɪˌn(ɛ)ɹi/ | imaginário |
| verb substantivo | /vɝb/ | verbo |
| examination substantivo | /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ | exame |
| dialogue substantivo | /ˈdaɪəˌlɑɡ/ | diálogo, conversa |
| scratch verbo | /skɹæt͡ʃ/ | coçar, rascar |
| cucumber substantivo | /ˈkjuˌkʌmbɚ/ | pepineiro, pepino |
| participle substantivo | /ˈpɑɹtɪˌsɪpəl/ | particípio |
| practise verbo | /ˈpɹæktɪs/ | praticar, treinar |
| tidy adjetivo | /ˈtaɪ.di/ | limpo, ordenado |
| quiz substantivo | /kwɪz/ | quiz |
| snack substantivo | /snæk/ | lanche, comidinha |
| luckily advérbio | /ˈlʌk.ɪ.li/ | felizmente, por sorte |
| borrow verbo | /ˈbɑɹ.oʊ/ | emprestar, tomar emprestado |
| warn verbo | /woɹn/ | avisar, alertar |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| go back verbo | voltar | |
| go out verbo | sair | |
| work out verbo | /ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/ | calcular |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- Don't you have some notes or something we can use?
- What if I had told her how I feel?
- What about our other verbs?
- Where do you suppose they are?
- Shall we try calling them again?
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Frases condicionais if + oração, will/would + verbo — uma condição e seu resultado | if I'd known you'd wanted |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | I've lost · I've never had |
| Conselho com “should” should + verbo — dizer o que é uma boa ideia | should have · shouldn't have |
| Past continuous was/were + -ing — uma ação em andamento em um momento do passado | was going · were coming · were bringing |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 64 contrações e formas reduzidas, como didn't, you're, don't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: imaginary /ɪˈmæd͡ʒɪˌn(ɛ)ɹi/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, participle /ˈpɑɹtɪˌsɪpəl/, apologize /əˈpɑləˌd͡ʒaɪz/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: verb /vɝb/, dialogue /ˈdaɪəˌlɑɡ/, snack /snæk/, slip /ˈslɪp/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: modal /ˈməʊdəl/, participle /ˈpɑɹtɪˌsɪpəl/
- s + consoante no início — sem um “i” antes: scratch /skɹæt͡ʃ/, snack /snæk/, slip /ˈslɪp/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como criticize, imaginary, verb.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.