ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Using Would Have, Could Have, Should Have - English Grammar Lesson

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179 ประโยค

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Oh.

Hello.

I should have prepared for this lesson, and I guess now I don't know what to say.

Whoops.

Martin, you could have at least warned me.

Now what are we going to do?

I would have done it, but I was just so busy.

I could have done it if you told me.

Don't you have some notes or something we can use?

I had some notes, but I can't find them.

Well, think about it.

Where could they be?

Not sure.

I could have left them on the bus.

I should have never agreed to do this video.

Hi, I'm Martin.

Welcome to Oxford Online English!

In this lesson, you can learn how to use would have, should have, and could have.

These verbs would, should, could, etc. are modal verbs, so they don't have past forms like normal verbs do.

Instead, you can talk about the past by adding have plus a past participle after the verb.

In this lesson, you'll learn to use those modal verbs to talk about the past in English, what they mean, and how they're different.

Sometimes you have moments when your life could go in very different ways.

For example, maybe you take an important exam, and your result decides where you can go to university.

Maybe you're thinking about moving to another country.

Do you stay where you are, or do you leave?

Perhaps you're in a relationship, and things aren't going so well.

Do you stay and try to make it work, or do you move on?

Life is full of these important moments and decisions.

Try to think of something like this from your past.

Now ask yourself.

You made the choices you made.

You passed the exam or you failed it.

You moved to another country or you didn't.

That's reality, but what if things had gone the other way?

This is the imaginary past.

You're imagining a different version of the past.

You're asking yourself questions like, what if I had worked a bit harder and passed that exam?

What if I had taken that job and moved to Italy?

What if I had told her how I feel?

This is where you use would have.

Use would have to talk about the imaginary past.

For example, if I had got better exam results, I would have got into Harvard.

I wouldn't have met my wife if I had moved to Italy seven years ago.

If I hadn't forgotten my pen that day, I wouldn't have asked to borrow yours, and we wouldn't have become friends!

Think about your important moment from the past when your life could have gone in two very different directions.

What would have happened if things had gone the other way?

So you can use would have to talk about the imaginary past.

What about our other verbs?

Where do you suppose they are?

I don't know.

They're usually so reliable.

I guess they could have mixed up the date.

Shall we try calling them again?

We can't wait forever.

When will it be ready?

I think next Thursday.

You said you'd have it finished by the end of this week.

Now what am I going to do?

Sorry.

You could have told me sooner that you weren't going to finish on time.

Doctor, is it serious?

No, it's just a scratch.

But be more careful next time.

You could have really hurt yourself.

You can also use could have to talk about the imaginary past.

If I'd had more time, I could have finished everything.

He could have won it if he hadn't slipped at the start.

When you use could have to talk about the imaginary past, you're talking about possibilities.

We're talking about opportunities and chances which you didn't have in reality,

but in your imaginary version of the past, you would have had these chances.

However, could have can also have different meanings.

Let's look!

Here you saw three more ways to use could have.

that you can go back and review the dialogues if you need to.

Can you explain how could have is used in each of these dialogues?

Could have can mean that you aren't sure about something in the past.

You're talking about a possibility.

They could have mixed up the date.

I've lost my keys.

I could have left them at work. Where are they?

I guess they could have missed the train.

In these examples, you aren't sure about something that happened in the past.

You use could have to make a guess about what happened.

You can also use could have to criticise someone.

You could have told me sooner.

You could have tidied up a bit.

You could have worn something a bit nicer.

In these examples, you want to criticise the other person for something they didn't do.

Finally, you can use could have to mean that somebody was lucky to avoid a bad situation in the past.

It's just a scratch, but you could have really hurt yourself.

We were really late, and we could have missed our plane, but luckily we just made it!

Let's review quickly.

Could have has four different meanings. Can you remember them?

You can use could have to talk about the imaginary past, to guess about something in the past which you aren't sure about,

to criticise someone for something they didn't do, and to say that someone was lucky to avoid a bad situation.

Next, what about should have?

You just saw that could have can be used to criticise someone.

Could have is similar, but you can use it in a wider variety of ways.

Like could have, you can use it to criticise something that someone didn't do in the past.

100

You should have called me like you promised.

101

He should have checked the recipe before he started cooking.

102

They should have practised penalties before the match.

103

You can also use it to criticise something that someone did.

104

You shouldn't have drunk so much at the wedding.

105

She shouldn't have left everything to the last minute.

106

You can even use it to criticise yourself.

107

If you regret something which you did in the past, I should have realised what was going on.

108

I shouldn't have said that.

109

You can also use should have to apologise to someone.

110

If you say, I shouldn't have said that, you're admitting that you made a wrong choice and that you regret it.

111

This is the most common use of should have, criticizing others or yourself and talking about things you regret in the past.

112

However, it has one more meaning.

113

Look at three examples.

114

Can you work out what should have means here?

115

Here, you use should have to talk about something which you expected to happen, but it didn't happen.

116

They should have been here by now means that you expected them to have arrived before now, but you're still waiting.

117

It should have been ready an hour ago means that you expected everything to be ready earlier.

118

Maybe you're cooking something, and it's taking much longer than you thought it would.

119

The plane should have landed at 7.30.

120

Means you expected the plane to land then, but it didn't.

121

Probably you mean that the plane is late, and you're still waiting for it.

122

Now, you should have learned two different ways to use should've.

123

Let's practice using would have, could have, and should have together.

124

You should have told me your friends were coming.

125

I would have made some extra food.

126

Sorry, I would have called you, but I had no phone credit.

127

I should have topped up before we went out.

128

What are we going to eat?

129

We don't have much in the fridge.

130

I should have stopped and got a takeaway on the way.

131

Not to worry, we'll order something.

132

Where's the food?

133

I'm so hungry!

134

They should have come by now, right?

135

They're probably just busy.

136

They could have forgotten.

137

They would have called if there was a problem, don't you think?

138

Relax.

139

You should have had a snack when you got in.

140

It'll be here soon. That was delicious!

141

I've never had such a good meal.

142

You could have left some for me.

143

What am I supposed to eat?

144

Oh, I'm sorry.

145

I would have left some if I'd known you'd wanted some.

146

I should have asked.

147

Yeah, you should have.

148

Oh well, there's half a cucumber in the fridge, I think.

149

Look at three sentences from the dialogues.

150

Can you explain what they mean?

151

The first sentence is talking about the imaginary past.

152

It means that if I had known you were bringing guests, I would have made some more food.

153

But, in reality, I didn't know, so I didn't make enough food.

154

The second sentence is talking about something you aren't sure about in the past.

155

Do you remember the situation?

156

We were waiting for our takeaway to arrive.

157

It was late and we didn't know what happened.

158

You use could have here to make a guess about something in the past when you don't know what happened.

159

The third sentence is a criticism, or an expression of regret.

160

If you say this, you mean that you made a mistake in the past.

161

Think back to the dialogues.

162

Did we use should have or could have in any other ways?

163

Look at two more sentences.

164

They should have come by now.

165

It could have left some for me.

166

What do should have and could have mean here?

167

Here should have means that something didn't happen the way you expected.

168

You expected the food to be here by now, but it isn't.

169

Could have is used to criticise something which someone else didn't do.

170

Now, hopefully you understand how to use would have, could have, and should have.

171

Get more practice with the full version of this lesson, which includes a quiz to help your understanding of this topic.

172

There's a link underneath the video.

173

You can also find many more free English lessons on our website, OxfordOnlineEnglish.com.

174

Finally, a question.

175

Did you learn anything new about using would have, could have, or should have?

176

What was new for you in this lesson?

177

Please let us know in the comments.

178

Thanks for watching!

179

See you next time!

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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้

บทเรียนฝึกพูดระดับ B1 นี้ใช้วิดีโอ “Using Would Have, Could Have, Should Have - English Grammar Lesson” เป็นสื่อ วิดีโอนี้มี 179 ประโยค และ 1723 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 13:57 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วสม่ำเสมอ ประมาณ 124 คำต่อนาที เหมาะกับการฝึกพูดตาม 88% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ คำศัพท์จึงตามได้ง่าย จากทั้งหมด 179 ประโยค มี 32 ประโยคเป็นคำถาม จึงเหมาะสำหรับฝึกน้ำเสียงประโยคคำถามและการตอบสั้น ๆ

คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้

คำที่ยากที่สุด 15 คำในวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:

คำศัพท์	คำอ่าน	ความหมาย
criticize คำกริยา	/ˈkɹɪtɪsaɪz/	ติ, วิจารณ์
imaginary คำคุณศัพท์	/ɪˈmæd͡ʒɪˌn(ɛ)ɹi/	จินตภาพ
verb คำนาม	/vɝb/	คำกริยา, กริยา
examination คำนาม	/ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/	ไต่สวน
dialogue คำนาม	/ˈdaɪəˌlɑɡ/	การสนทนา, บทพูด
scratch คำกริยา	/skɹæt͡ʃ/	เกา
cucumber คำนาม	/ˈkjuˌkʌmbɚ/	แตงกวา
participle คำนาม	/ˈpɑɹtɪˌsɪpəl/	รูปกริยาขยาย
practise คำกริยา	/ˈpɹæktɪs/	หัด, ฝึกหัด
tidy คำคุณศัพท์	/ˈtaɪ.di/	เรียบร้อย
snack คำนาม	/snæk/	เครื่องว่าง, ของว่าง
borrow คำกริยา	/ˈbɑɹ.oʊ/	ยืม, ขอยืม
warn คำกริยา	/woɹn/	เตือน
apologize คำกริยา	/əˈpɑləˌd͡ʒaɪz/	ขอโทษ
slip คำกริยา	/ˈslɪp/	ไถล, ลื่น

กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน

คำศัพท์	ความหมาย
go back คำกริยา	กลับไป
go out คำกริยา	ออก, ออกไป

ประโยคที่ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำ

ประโยคสั้น ๆ ที่สมบูรณ์จากวิดีโอ ซึ่งนำไปใช้ในบทสนทนาประจำวันได้:

Don't you have some notes or something we can use?
What if I had told her how I feel?
What about our other verbs?
Where do you suppose they are?
Shall we try calling them again?

ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้

โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:

โครงสร้าง	ในวิดีโอ
ประโยคเงื่อนไข if + อนุประโยค, will/would + กริยา — เงื่อนไขและผลลัพธ์	if I'd known you'd wanted
Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน	I've lost · I've never had
คำแนะนำด้วย “should” should + กริยา — บอกสิ่งที่ควรทำ	should have · shouldn't have
Past continuous was/were + -ing — การกระทำที่กำลังดำเนินอยู่ ณ ช่วงหนึ่งในอดีต	was going · were coming · were bringing

การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง

ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 64 ครั้ง เช่น didn't, you're, don't ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน

คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: imaginary /ɪˈmæd͡ʒɪˌn(ɛ)ɹi/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, participle /ˈpɑɹtɪˌsɪpəl/, apologize /əˈpɑləˌd͡ʒaɪz/

เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:

เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: criticize /ˈkɹɪtɪsaɪz/, modal /ˈməʊdəl/, scratch /skɹæt͡ʃ/, participle /ˈpɑɹtɪˌsɪpəl/, practise /ˈpɹæktɪs/
/z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: criticize /ˈkɹɪtɪsaɪz/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, quiz /kwɪz/, apologize /əˈpɑləˌd͡ʒaɪz/
/r/ กับ /l/ — แยกให้ชัด: participle /ˈpɑɹtɪˌsɪpəl/, reliable /ɹɪˈlaɪəbl̩/, relax /ɹɪˈlæks/

วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้

ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
พูดตามทีละประโยคด้วยความเร็วปกติ ทำซ้ำแต่ละประโยคจนจังหวะของคุณตรงกับผู้พูด
อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง criticize, imaginary, verb เป็นพิเศษ

เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?

Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ

เทคนิค shadowing: อ่านคู่มือฉบับเต็มทีละขั้นตอน →

ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Using Would Have, Could Have, Should Have - English Grammar Lesson

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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้

คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้

กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน

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