跟讀練習: Using Would Have, Could Have, Should Have - English Grammar Lesson - 通過影片學習英語口語
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179 句
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Oh.
2
Hello.
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I should have prepared for this lesson, and I guess now I don't know what to say.
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Whoops.
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Martin, you could have at least warned me.
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Now what are we going to do?
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I would have done it, but I was just so busy.
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I could have done it if you told me.
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Don't you have some notes or something we can use?
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I had some notes, but I can't find them.
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Well, think about it.
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Where could they be?
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Not sure.
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I could have left them on the bus.
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I should have never agreed to do this video.
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Hi, I'm Martin.
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Welcome to Oxford Online English!
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In this lesson, you can learn how to use would have, should have, and could have.
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These verbs would, should, could, etc. are modal verbs, so they don't have past forms like normal verbs do.
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Instead, you can talk about the past by adding have plus a past participle after the verb.
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In this lesson, you'll learn to use those modal verbs to talk about the past in English, what they mean, and how they're different.
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Sometimes you have moments when your life could go in very different ways.
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For example, maybe you take an important exam, and your result decides where you can go to university.
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Maybe you're thinking about moving to another country.
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Do you stay where you are, or do you leave?
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Perhaps you're in a relationship, and things aren't going so well.
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Do you stay and try to make it work, or do you move on?
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Life is full of these important moments and decisions.
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Try to think of something like this from your past.
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Now ask yourself.
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You made the choices you made.
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You passed the exam or you failed it.
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You moved to another country or you didn't.
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That's reality, but what if things had gone the other way?
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This is the imaginary past.
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You're imagining a different version of the past.
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You're asking yourself questions like, what if I had worked a bit harder and passed that exam?
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What if I had taken that job and moved to Italy?
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What if I had told her how I feel?
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This is where you use would have.
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Use would have to talk about the imaginary past.
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For example, if I had got better exam results, I would have got into Harvard.
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I wouldn't have met my wife if I had moved to Italy seven years ago.
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If I hadn't forgotten my pen that day, I wouldn't have asked to borrow yours, and we wouldn't have become friends!
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Think about your important moment from the past when your life could have gone in two very different directions.
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What would have happened if things had gone the other way?
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So you can use would have to talk about the imaginary past.
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What about our other verbs?
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Where do you suppose they are?
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I don't know.
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They're usually so reliable.
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I guess they could have mixed up the date.
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Shall we try calling them again?
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We can't wait forever.
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When will it be ready?
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I think next Thursday.
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You said you'd have it finished by the end of this week.
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Now what am I going to do?
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Sorry.
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You could have told me sooner that you weren't going to finish on time.
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Doctor, is it serious?
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No, it's just a scratch.
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But be more careful next time.
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You could have really hurt yourself.
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You can also use could have to talk about the imaginary past.
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If I'd had more time, I could have finished everything.
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He could have won it if he hadn't slipped at the start.
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When you use could have to talk about the imaginary past, you're talking about possibilities.
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We're talking about opportunities and chances which you didn't have in reality,
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but in your imaginary version of the past, you would have had these chances.
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However, could have can also have different meanings.
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Let's look!
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Here you saw three more ways to use could have.
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that you can go back and review the dialogues if you need to.
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Can you explain how could have is used in each of these dialogues?
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Could have can mean that you aren't sure about something in the past.
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You're talking about a possibility.
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They could have mixed up the date.
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I've lost my keys.
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I could have left them at work. Where are they?
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I guess they could have missed the train.
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In these examples, you aren't sure about something that happened in the past.
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You use could have to make a guess about what happened.
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You can also use could have to criticise someone.
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You could have told me sooner.
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You could have tidied up a bit.
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You could have worn something a bit nicer.
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In these examples, you want to criticise the other person for something they didn't do.
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Finally, you can use could have to mean that somebody was lucky to avoid a bad situation in the past.
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It's just a scratch, but you could have really hurt yourself.
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We were really late, and we could have missed our plane, but luckily we just made it!
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Let's review quickly.
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Could have has four different meanings. Can you remember them?
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You can use could have to talk about the imaginary past, to guess about something in the past which you aren't sure about,
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to criticise someone for something they didn't do, and to say that someone was lucky to avoid a bad situation.
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Next, what about should have?
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You just saw that could have can be used to criticise someone.
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Could have is similar, but you can use it in a wider variety of ways.
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Like could have, you can use it to criticise something that someone didn't do in the past.
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You should have called me like you promised.
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He should have checked the recipe before he started cooking.
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They should have practised penalties before the match.
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You can also use it to criticise something that someone did.
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You shouldn't have drunk so much at the wedding.
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She shouldn't have left everything to the last minute.
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You can even use it to criticise yourself.
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If you regret something which you did in the past, I should have realised what was going on.
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I shouldn't have said that.
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You can also use should have to apologise to someone.
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If you say, I shouldn't have said that, you're admitting that you made a wrong choice and that you regret it.
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This is the most common use of should have, criticizing others or yourself and talking about things you regret in the past.
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However, it has one more meaning.
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Look at three examples.
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Can you work out what should have means here?
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Here, you use should have to talk about something which you expected to happen, but it didn't happen.
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They should have been here by now means that you expected them to have arrived before now, but you're still waiting.
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It should have been ready an hour ago means that you expected everything to be ready earlier.
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Maybe you're cooking something, and it's taking much longer than you thought it would.
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The plane should have landed at 7.30.
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Means you expected the plane to land then, but it didn't.
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Probably you mean that the plane is late, and you're still waiting for it.
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Now, you should have learned two different ways to use should've.
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Let's practice using would have, could have, and should have together.
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You should have told me your friends were coming.
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I would have made some extra food.
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Sorry, I would have called you, but I had no phone credit.
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I should have topped up before we went out.
128
What are we going to eat?
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We don't have much in the fridge.
130
I should have stopped and got a takeaway on the way.
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Not to worry, we'll order something.
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Where's the food?
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I'm so hungry!
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They should have come by now, right?
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They're probably just busy.
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They could have forgotten.
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They would have called if there was a problem, don't you think?
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Relax.
139
You should have had a snack when you got in.
140
It'll be here soon. That was delicious!
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I've never had such a good meal.
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You could have left some for me.
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What am I supposed to eat?
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Oh, I'm sorry.
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I would have left some if I'd known you'd wanted some.
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I should have asked.
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Yeah, you should have.
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Oh well, there's half a cucumber in the fridge, I think.
149
Look at three sentences from the dialogues.
150
Can you explain what they mean?
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The first sentence is talking about the imaginary past.
152
It means that if I had known you were bringing guests, I would have made some more food.
153
But, in reality, I didn't know, so I didn't make enough food.
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The second sentence is talking about something you aren't sure about in the past.
155
Do you remember the situation?
156
We were waiting for our takeaway to arrive.
157
It was late and we didn't know what happened.
158
You use could have here to make a guess about something in the past when you don't know what happened.
159
The third sentence is a criticism, or an expression of regret.
160
If you say this, you mean that you made a mistake in the past.
161
Think back to the dialogues.
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Did we use should have or could have in any other ways?
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Look at two more sentences.
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They should have come by now.
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It could have left some for me.
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What do should have and could have mean here?
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Here should have means that something didn't happen the way you expected.
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You expected the food to be here by now, but it isn't.
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Could have is used to criticise something which someone else didn't do.
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Now, hopefully you understand how to use would have, could have, and should have.
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Get more practice with the full version of this lesson, which includes a quiz to help your understanding of this topic.
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There's a link underneath the video.
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You can also find many more free English lessons on our website, OxfordOnlineEnglish.com.
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Finally, a question.
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Did you learn anything new about using would have, could have, or should have?
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What was new for you in this lesson?
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Please let us know in the comments.
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Thanks for watching!
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See you next time!
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本課的詞彙與口語要點
這節 B1 級別的口語課以影片“Using Would Have, Could Have, Should Have - English Grammar Lesson”為素材。 這段影片共有 179 個句子、1723 個單詞可供跟讀。 講話部分時長為 13:57。 說話人語速平穩，每分鐘約 124 個詞，很適合跟讀。 88% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙容易理解。 全部 179 個句子中有 32 個是問句，適合練習疑問語調和簡短回答。
影片中的重點詞彙
影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| criticize 動詞 | /ˈkɹɪtɪsaɪz/ | 批評 /批評 |
| imaginary 形容詞 | /ɪˈmæd͡ʒɪˌn(ɛ)ɹi/ | 幻想 |
| verb 名詞 | /vɝb/ | 動詞 /動詞 |
| examination 名詞 | /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ | 檢查 /檢查 |
| dialogue 名詞 | /ˈdaɪəˌlɑɡ/ | 對話 /對話, 會話 /會話 |
| scratch 動詞 | /skɹæt͡ʃ/ | 抓, 劃 |
| cucumber 名詞 | /ˈkjuˌkʌmbɚ/ | 黃瓜 /黃瓜, 青瓜 |
| participle 名詞 | /ˈpɑɹtɪˌsɪpəl/ | 分詞 /分詞 |
| practise 動詞 | /ˈpɹæktɪs/ | 練習 /練習 |
| tidy 形容詞 | /ˈtaɪ.di/ | 整齊 /整齊, 整潔 /整潔 |
| quiz 名詞 | /kwɪz/ | 測驗 /測驗, 競猜 /競猜 |
| snack 名詞 | /snæk/ | 零食, 小吃 |
| luckily 副詞 | /ˈlʌk.ɪ.li/ | 好在, 所幸 |
| borrow 動詞 | /ˈbɑɹ.oʊ/ | 借, 貸 /貸 |
| warn 動詞 | /woɹn/ | 警告, 提醒 |
影片中出現的短語動詞
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| go back 動詞 | 回去, 返回 | |
| go out 動詞 | 出, 出口 | |
| work out 動詞 | /ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/ | 計算 /計算, 算出 |
值得反覆跟讀的句子
影片中簡短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常對話裡：
- Don't you have some notes or something we can use?
- What if I had told her how I feel?
- What about our other verbs?
- Where do you suppose they are?
- Shall we try calling them again?
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | I've lost · I've never had |
| 用 “should” 提建議 should + 動詞 — 表示應該做的事 | should have · shouldn't have · should have means |
| 過去進行時 was/were + -ing — 過去某一時刻正在進行的動作 | was going · were coming · were bringing |
| 現在進行時 am/is/are + -ing — 此刻或近期正在發生的事 | you're thinking · aren't going · You're imagining |
需要注意的發音
說話人用了 64 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 didn't, you're, don't。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。
- 長單詞——注意重音位置: imaginary /ɪˈmæd͡ʒɪˌn(ɛ)ɹi/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, participle /ˈpɑɹtɪˌsɪpəl/, apologize /əˈpɑləˌd͡ʒaɪz/
中文母語者容易讀錯的音：
- 詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: criticize /ˈkɹɪtɪsaɪz/, verb /vɝb/, dialogue /ˈdaɪəˌlɑɡ/, scratch /skɹæt͡ʃ/, practise /ˈpɹæktɪs/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: participle /ˈpɑɹtɪˌsɪpəl/, reliable /ɹɪˈlaɪəbl̩/, relax /ɹɪˈlæks/
- /æ/ — 嘴張大，不要讀成 /e/: imaginary /ɪˈmæd͡ʒɪˌn(ɛ)ɹi/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, scratch /skɹæt͡ʃ/, practise /ˈpɹæktɪs/, snack /snæk/
如何用這段影片練習
- 先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
- 用正常速度逐句跟讀，每句重複到你的節奏與說話人一致為止。
- 錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 criticize, imaginary, verb 這類單詞。
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。