ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: 2389 - Everyday English You Should Use Every Day
เลือกโหมดฝึก
แต่ละโหมดจะเปิดห้องฝึกแบบเต็มจอ
306 ประโยค
หากประโยคสั้นหรือยาวเกินไป กดที่ Edit เพื่อปรับแก้
1
Lindsay, I have a question for you.
2
Okay, go ahead.
3
What's the question?
4
What is something you do every day?
5
Every day I take my dog for a walk because he needs to get out.
6
He needs the exercise and I need the exercise as well.
7
I need to move.
8
You do that every single day?
9
Basically, yes.
10
Every single day.
11
He needs to be out.
12
It's quite a commitment having a dog.
13
Yes.
14
We are answering a really interesting question about this, the difference between every single day and every day.
15
And also every day we use two different ways.
16
I'm excited to dive into this today.
17
Yeah.
18
What about you, Aubrey?
19
What is something in your daily routine that you do every day?
20
I wake my kids up for either school or sports every single day.
21
School days, we're waking them up.
22
Saturdays and Sundays, they have sports early in the mornings always.
23
Every morning we're waking up early.
24
Soon they have to get their own alarm clocks, you know, so you don't I know, right?
25
I like to wake them up with a snuggle and they're grumpy
26
if they don't get like a little snuggle in the morning.
27
So until they won't let me snuggle them anymore, I wake them up with a little morning snuggle.
28
I love that.
29
We're getting into a great, I feel like a lot of students have this question.
30
Today's episode is inspired by a question, but before we really get into the details here, Aubrey, we have an important announcement about something coming very,
31
very soon and something our listeners should do right now to be on top.
32
Yes.
33
Yes we're excited about this is our new course professional level
34
one we interviewed seven native speakers from all different parts of the country one person from the uk
35
so you are hearing real professional english
36
and you're also getting amazing business advice yeah these are successful
37
native speaking professionals who are at the top of their game the top of their industries people
38
that work with executives people that work in technology project managers people
39
that are in positions where many of our listeners are currently or want to be.
40
And that's who we should be listening to and learning from.
41
And that is the foundation of this course.
42
But there's so much more too.
43
We'll be going into tactics for meetings, tactics, grammar, vocabulary, structure for meetings, standup meetings, syncs, things like that, speaking and fluency.
44
A lot of this is going to be happening inside this course and learning more about socializing and small talk, how we can get to know our colleagues.
45
We've got everything that we need in there, Aubrey, but what should our listeners do to get kind of an edge, to make sure they get the access near, at the beginning, they get the access right away to this course,
46
as soon as it's available?
47
Yes, you want to get on the list and we will notify you as soon as this course is finished and ready.
48
Spoiler, it's very soon.
49
So get on the list, allearsenglish .com slash professional.
50
Yes, I'm so excited for our listeners to dive into our Leveled Professional Series.
51
It's going to be fantastic.
52
So Aubrey, shall we let our listeners know what the question is for today?
53
Yes.
54
This was a question on YouTube.
55
It was from YTWN1VG.
56
All of our YouTube social media names are often not our name.
57
And the question was, what is the difference between every single day and every day?
58
Ooh, a great question.
59
It's a great question.
60
And important to start at this level, B2C1, we're starting to articulate this.
61
Like when you asked me that question, you do that every single day.
62
I stopped and I was thinking, do I do it every single day?
63
Yes, I do.
64
Right.
65
It's a different question in a way.
66
It's furthering the conversation kind of.
67
Exactly.
68
So we're going to dive into both of these today with lots of examples.
69
And we're also adding the adjective every day, which is written slightly different, has a different meaning that we also use in English.
70
And we're also sharing a fun, interesting culture note about American culture and that word.
71
We've got a lot of good stuff for today.
72
So let's get right into it.
73
So when we separate and we say every day and it's two words, it's the adjective and noun.
74
What is what are the scenarios here, Aubrey?
75
Yes.
76
This just means each day.
77
So for example, I have to do laundry every day or it really piles up.
78
Love it.
79
Or every day I try to do some kind of exercise.
80
Yes.
81
Yeah.
82
Every day you take Kiefer for a walk, right?
83
There are a lot of things that we do every day.
84
But what is really tricky is the second option.
85
We have the adjective every day that is written as one word and it means common,
86
ordinary routine or common, ordinary or routine.
87
So for example, if you're going dress shopping, you might say, this is kind of an ordinary everyday dress.
88
I'm looking for something chic, something special.
89
So here it doesn't mean each day.
90
It means common, not unique.
91
Yes.
92
An everyday dress.
93
And to be honest, a lot of native speakers make the mistake and they'll write every day dress as two words.
94
They treat it the same way.
95
Often they don't know that it's brought together as one word.
96
every yes this is a common native speaker spelling mistake absolutely right they realize
97
when they're saying it that it has a different meaning
98
but they might not realize that it's written slightly differently exactly
99
so by knowing this guys you'll be ahead of the game ahead of probably 50
100
or 60 of native speakers right maybe more gosh
101
and we want to share a fun culture note here this
102
word every day sometimes you'll hear the phrase everyday people which just means like normal average people, common people, right?
103
And it is a very famous song that was written in 1968 and performed by Sly and the Family Stone.
104
You probably have heard this song, but the lyrics were actually really powerful, especially at the time in 1968 in the US.
105
There was a lot of discrimination, a lot of racism.
106
And these lyrics were a very powerful message.
107
You know, some of the word it says I am everyday people
108
so to use it in
109
that way right not saying we we are everyday people say I am everyday people
110
and it was saying like I'm no better than you
111
and neither are you we are the same whatever we do it was a message against discrimination
112
and racism interesting yeah I never knew kind of where
113
that song came from or the backstory behind it
114
so it's kind of cool to know this Aubrey I know
115
I didn't really either I hadn't thought about I've heard this song a million times.
116
And then when I was looking up like, you know, what are some of the interesting ways we use every day, you know, besides just everyday dress, everyday clothing.
117
And not only that, the bridges of the song contain the line, different strokes for different folks.
118
And that lyric has become a popular catchphrase.
119
I still hear it now.
120
I'll hear people say that if people disagree, it's another way to say, agree to disagree, just to say, oh, different strokes for different folks
121
and often people will just say ah different strokes right we short yes those expressions different strokes
122
and then there was that tv show and when did
123
that tv show come out did it come out in 1969
124
or was it later yeah um it was a little bit later
125
but this catchphrase it did inspire the television series different strokes
126
i believe it came out in the 70s did you ever watch
127
that show i haven't no but i think you'll have to check it out
128
and yeah be fun for our listeners to see it it really is an interesting window into u .s culture
129
and kind of awesome that it inspired
130
that show yeah it's really cool to start with music uh
131
music from a certain time period then look at the lyrics
132
and go backward of what was happening in the u .s at
133
that time or the world then learn key vocabulary very cool
134
and awesome to see what vocabulary it inspired that is now part of our vernacular you'll hear it pretty often amazing Okay.
135
So that is just a little culture note.
136
Love it.
137
Do we want to move on to when we say every single day?
138
I mean, when you said that to me, I questioned whether I was, am I telling the truth here?
139
Because this is emphasizing or expressing either surprise that something happens every day
140
or just emphasizing that it does happen every single day, right?
141
Yes, exactly.
142
So for example, every single day I have to do laundry or it will pile up.
143
Oh gosh.
144
Yeah.
145
And this is the same example I used with every day.
146
But if I'm wanting to emphasize that I cannot miss a day, then I would say every single day I have to do laundry.
147
Yeah.
148
Or do you check the mail every single day?
149
I check mine maybe once a week.
150
Yeah.
151
Wow.
152
Yeah.
153
And the intonation is interesting.
154
You can just be like, do you check your mail every single day
155
but we often will emphasize with our intonation as well like
156
do you check the mail every single day sort of slow down to emphasize
157
and that's when people yeah they think a bit more right do you do
158
that every single day right this idea of exercising maybe lifting weights
159
or something taking a vitamin those are things right i'm curious
160
about this for you actually i check my mail maybe what
161
maybe even once every other week once a month are you
162
serious oh what about you what's a month you check your
163
mail I take my mail every day for sure oh yeah sometimes
164
because I just don't get much in the mail
165
that I need right all bills are online I don't get like letters it's just junk mail
166
so sometimes I'll actually get a notice from the post office
167
it's like you have to pick up your mail at the post office
168
because your mailbox was too full we couldn't fit anything else in there that's
169
so funny oh no I'm not trying to not do that at least that's a huge inconvenience for them.
170
I don't know.
171
Maybe I'm old school.
172
I still get excited about checking the mail.
173
It's right outside of our door.
174
It's like so easy.
175
Maybe that's the difference.
176
It helps ours is down the street.
177
I don't remember that.
178
Yeah, no, I love checking the mail.
179
It's fun.
180
A little, what's, what is it?
181
What's going to be there?
182
Right?
183
Yeah.
184
It's a little present.
185
Hopefully if you ever get anything good.
186
Right.
187
Okay.
188
Aubrey, we're back for a role play.
189
So here we are at a dog park.
190
Makes sense.
191
Makes sense.
192
Yes.
193
Want to start us out? yeah hey fancy seeing you here
194
hi i love this park do you come here often i bring kefir every day
195
and i don't think we've ever seen you
196
yeah well i don't come every single day
197
but pretty often i don't have a dog but i like to come
198
and watch them play i get it dogs have so much joy
199
and energy it's a fun everyday activity to just walk over here
200
and hang out yeah sometimes it's a little creepy it's a little creepy
201
uh sometimes we'll realize there's someone in the dog park
202
that doesn't have a dog we're like is this a dog napper what's happening here i can see
203
that i'm envisioning because where I live, a lot of the dog parks are right by a kid's playground.
204
So like I've taken my kids to the playground and they're old enough.
205
I don't really need to supervise them.
206
So I'll like watch the dogs playing.
207
But on your side though, I totally understand that.
208
There's nothing more joyful than watching dogs play.
209
But that would be kind of creepy to just be like hanging out in the dog park without a dog.
210
If you're like the dog mom, you're like, what are you doing here?
211
Don't steal my dog.
212
Exactly.
213
All right.
214
This is good.
215
So I said, hey, do you come here often?
216
I bring Kiefer every day and I don't think we've ever seen you.
217
And I love how I'm saying we, because I'm talking from the perspective of me and my dog.
218
Love that.
219
I think you would say that, right?
220
Actually, we come here every day, me and my dog.
221
I probably would.
222
And then what did you say?
223
I said, well, I don't come every single day.
224
So because you're saying I come every day, I'm sort of trying to emphasize like I come most days, but not every single day.
225
love it love it
226
and again slowing down well i don't come every single day right the intonation the delivery feels different right exactly
227
and it's interesting to look at why you would maybe have
228
said every day like you often will say every day
229
when maybe we actually do that four
230
or five times a week max right we don't really every single day sometimes
231
when we say every day yeah i think the minimum would
232
be four to five times a week to say every day right not gonna say if you do something once a week, you wouldn't say I do this every day.
233
Or even two or three.
234
But if it's four or five, you cross over into pretty much every day.
235
Yeah, we're exaggerating.
236
We love to exaggerate.
237
Oh, yeah.
238
Big thing in American English.
239
And then I said, I get it.
240
Dogs have so much joy and energy.
241
Isn't that true, right?
242
It's a fun everyday activity.
243
And here we're using this as an adjective and we're making one word every day.
244
Yeah.
245
It's written as one word every day and here it means common, just like a routine activity, an everyday activity, something you do all the time.
246
Yeah.
247
And important to note the difference in intonation when I have it as two words versus an adjective with one word.
248
I bring kefir every day, right?
249
Versus it's a fun everyday activity.
250
It's true.
251
We squish them together more.
252
It would be very strange here to pause to say it's a fun everyday activity because it's one word.
253
There's no space between them.
254
So we run it together more.
255
Yeah.
256
And like we said earlier, if you can master just this piece about every day as an adjective and one word, you'll be ahead of at least 50 % of native speakers.
257
Okay.
258
At least when it comes to writing.
259
Yeah.
260
Yes.
261
And luckily, you know, it's not written very often, which is why a lot of native English speakers don't realize that they don't see it written very much.
262
Right.
263
It's true.
264
But it's true.
265
Now that you know that you've got a leg up on a lot of native English speakers.
266
All right, guys, go on over to allersenglish .com slash professional.
267
Get on that list.
268
This is your last chance to get on the early access list.
269
So you will be the very first to know when this course becomes available.
270
Again, we're getting into meetings, socializing in small talk, and there's a very heavy emphasis on fluency and speaking.
271
So you're practicing the activities that you are learning.
272
You're practicing them in our community.
273
And there's practice as well in terms of our weekly open conversation club that's available to all students.
274
So go to allersenglish .com slash professional to get on the list and we'll tell you about it when it's ready.
275
All right.
276
Yes.
277
Don't forget students in any one of our courses get these amazing live speaking opportunities.
278
It's so fun.
279
We love meeting our students, chatting with them.
280
It's the best.
281
So yeah, go to allersenglish .com slash professional to get on the list.
282
Yeah.
283
Get on the list.
284
Now, Aubrey, where should we leave our listeners today?
285
yeah this these words every day can be tricky
286
because it has two different meanings that are written slightly differently
287
and then of course you can add single to emphasize
288
or express surprise
289
but these are really fun to connect in english to share what do you do every single day
290
and why yeah we've been talking a lot about sharing our morning routines michelle
291
and i did a series on morning routines evening routines this kind of falls into that category of connection around everyday activities.
292
It's not, it is mundane, but it's not because you learn what you have in common with people.
293
Absolutely.
294
It's interesting.
295
I love, I ask people this a lot.
296
What's something you do every single day?
297
What do you do every morning?
298
What's the first thing you do when you get up?
299
We can learn so much about people.
300
So good for connection.
301
Yeah.
302
Love it.
303
All right, Aubrey, we'll see you back on here very soon.
304
Have a good one.
305
See you next time.
306
Bye.
ดาวน์โหลดแอป
ทุกอย่างที่ต้องใช้เพื่อพูดได้คล่อง
AI ให้คะแนนการออกเสียงให้คะแนนทุกประโยค
ฝึก IPAเชี่ยวชาญทุกเสียง
คำศัพท์สร้างคลังคำของคุณ
เกมคำศัพท์เล่นไปเรียนไป
ช่องเดียวกัน
B11
2708 - Honestly, You’ll Be Happy About These Pronunciation Tips
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B21
2709 - When Ugly Doesn’t Mean What You Think it Means
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B21
AEE - Can You Use “Yet” With Past Simple Tense?
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B22
Go off! You're doing great!
American AccentDaily ConversationWorking Adults
B23
2684 - Intimidated by Classic Literature? 3 Tips to Overcome It With Rebecca Schinsky
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B26
2177 - Are You Behind the Times? English Idioms Inspired by Dinosaurs
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B11
Don't disclose this!
American AccentBusiness EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B28
Great scott! This connection is strong!
American AccentDaily ConversationWorking Adults
B21
2700 - What Would You Do for a Million Dollars?
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B11
Vocabulary to show frustration!
American AccentDaily ConversationWorking Adults
B214
Don’t Bite My Head Off! Anger Idioms in English
American AccentDaily ConversationWorking Adults
B22
AEE - What is Lookism and What Can We Do About It?
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B21
AEE - Can Movies Make You More Excited to Read?
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B29
2 Idioms You May Be Saying Incorrectly
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B26
2579 - Don't Undermine Your English Listen Today!
American AccentBusiness EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B15
2683 - Let’s Clean Out the Pantry! Ways To Describe Old, Rotting Food
American AccentBusiness EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B12671 - Splash Into Summer Part 4: How’s Your Summer Going?
American AccentTeensDaily ConversationHigh School Students
B22
AEE - Do Aliens Exist? How to Connect Over Extraterrestrial Life
American AccentDaily ConversationWorking Adults
B21
2649 - 3 Tips to Start Thinking in English
American AccentBusiness EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B25
2705 - Could Have, Should Have or Must Have?
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
FOR YOU
วิดีโอแนะนำ
B21
1066 ประโยค
9 English Habits That Instantly Make You Sound More Natural | English Podcast(B1-B2)
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B230
63 ประโยค
Luyện nghe tiếng anh về những câu chuyện hằng ngày cùng imleafsun - Section 15 | English Corner
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B11
765 ประโยค
Choose yourself first | Easy English Podcast Conversation in Daily Life | Learn English Fast
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B21
927 ประโยค
Learn English With Podcast Conversation | Talking About Daily Life in English B1-B2
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B22
109 ประโยค
How To Speak American English: Everything You Need
American AccentBusiness EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B210
263 ประโยค
B2 English Podcast: Discussion and Debate! Comprehensible Input English
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B11
67 ประโยค
In Just 5 Minutes｜Your PERFECT Learning Plan with 3 Questions🙋
Business EnglishDaily ConversationHigh School Students
B22
55 ประโยค
Advanced English Listening Practice - 1 - English Lesson at Fast, Native Speed - Laundry in Japan
American AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B27
175 ประโยค
IELTS English Podcast - Speaking Topic: Daily Routine
IELTS PrepDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B16
385 ประโยค
Real Life English Conversations to Sound More Natural | Podcast to Learn English!
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
บทเรียนฝึกพูดนี้ใช้วิดีโอ “2389 - Everyday English You Should Use Every Day” เป็นสื่อ คำที่ถูกพูดซ้ำบ่อยที่สุด: dog, everyday, word วิดีโอนี้มี 73 ประโยค และ 2993 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 14:56 ผู้พูดพูดเร็ว ประมาณ 200 คำต่อนาที จึงมีการเชื่อมเสียงและลดเสียงค่อนข้างมาก 86% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| emphasize คำกริยา | /ˈɛm.fə.saɪz/ | เน้น, เน้นย้ำ |
| listener คำนาม | /ˈlɪs(ə)nɚ/ | ผู้ฟัง |
| creepy คำคุณศัพท์ | /ˈkɹipi/ | น่ากลัว, น่าขนลุก |
| ordinary คำคุณศัพท์ | /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/ | สามัญ |
| lyrics คำนาม | /ˈlɪɹ.ɪks/ | เนื้อ, เนื้อร้อง |
| dive คำกริยา | /daɪv/ | ดำ |
| laundry คำนาม | /ˈlɔːn.dɹi/ | ซักอบรีด, การซักรีด |
| vocabulary คำนาม | /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/ | คำศัพท์, วงศัพท์ |
| discrimination คำนาม | /dɪskɹɪmɪˈneɪʃən/ | การเลือกปฏิบัติ, การกีดกัน |
| racism คำนาม | /ˈɹeɪsɪzm̩/ | คตินิยมเชื้อชาติ |
| tactics คำนาม | /ˈtæktɪks/ | ยุทธวิธี |
| playground คำนาม | /ˈpleɪɡɹaʊnd/ | สนามเด็กเล่น |
| clothing คำนาม | /ˈkloʊðɪŋ/ | เสื้อผ้า |
| steal คำกริยา | /stiːl/ | ขโมย, ลัก |
| connect คำกริยา | /kəˈnɛkt/ | เชื่อม, ต่อ |
กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| get up คำกริยา | ลุก | |
| pick up คำกริยา | ยก, หยิบ | |
| wake up คำกริยา | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | ตื่น, ตื่นนอน |
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | have heard · I've heard · has become |
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | is inspired · is written · was written |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | day, which is · often, which is |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 89 ครั้ง เช่น don't, we're, I'm ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: discrimination /dɪskɹɪmɪˈneɪʃən/, gosh /ɡɑːʃ/, chic /ʃik/, intonation /ɪntəˈneɪʃən/, socialize /ˈsoʊʃəlaɪz/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/, vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, discrimination /dɪskɹɪmɪˈneɪʃən/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, inconvenience /ɪnkənˈvinjəns/
เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:
- เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: emphasize /ˈɛm.fə.saɪz/, lyrics /ˈlɪɹ.ɪks/, dive /daɪv/, versus /ˈvɝsəs/, tactics /ˈtæktɪks/
- /v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: everyday /ˈɛvɹiˌdeɪ/, dive /daɪv/, vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, versus /ˈvɝsəs/, vitamin /ˈvɪt.ə.mɪn/
- /z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: emphasize /ˈɛm.fə.saɪz/, racism /ˈɹeɪsɪzm̩/, phrase /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/, pause /pɔːz/, exaggerate /ɛɡˈzæd͡ʒ.ə.ɹeɪt/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง emphasize, listener, creepy เป็นพิเศษ
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ