ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Steve Jobs Stanford Commencement Speech 2005
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1
Thank you.
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I'm honored to be with you today for your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world.
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Truth be told, I never graduated from college, and this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation.
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Today, I want to tell you three stories from my life.
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That's it.
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No big deal.
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Just three stories.
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The first story is about connecting the dots.
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I dropped out of Reed College after the first six months,
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but then stayed around as a drop -in for another 18 months or so before I really quit.
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So why'd I drop out?
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It started before I was born.
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My biological mother was a young, unwed graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption.
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She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates,
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so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife.
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Except that when I popped out, they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl.
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So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking, asking, we've got an unexpected baby boy.
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Do you want him?
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They said, of course.
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My biological mother found out later that my mother had never graduated from college
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and that my father had never graduated from high school.
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She refused to sign the final adoption papers.
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She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would go to college.
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This was the start in my life.
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And 17 years later, I did go to college.
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But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford.
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And all of my working class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition.
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After six months, I couldn't see the value in it.
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I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life, and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out.
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And here I was, spending all the money my parents had saved their entire life.
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So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out okay.
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It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back, it was one of the best decisions I ever made.
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The minute I dropped out, I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me
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and begin dropping in on the ones that looked far more interesting.
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It wasn't all romantic.
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I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms.
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I returned Coke bottles for the five -cent deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the seven miles across town every Sunday
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night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple.
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I loved it.
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And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on.
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Let me give you one example.
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Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country.
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Throughout the campus, every poster, every label on every drawer was beautifully hand -calligraphed.
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Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this.
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I learned about serif and sans -serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great.
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It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.
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None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life.
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But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me.
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And we designed it all into the Mac.
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It was the first computer with beautiful typography.
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If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts.
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And since Windows just copied the Mac, it's likely that no personal computer would have them.
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If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on that calligraphy class,
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and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do.
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Of course, it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college.
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But it was very, very clear looking backwards 10 years later.
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Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward.
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You can only connect them looking backwards.
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So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future.
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You have to trust in something.
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Your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever.
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Because believing that the dots will connect down the road...
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will give you the confidence to follow your heart, even when it leads you off the well -worn path, and that will make all the difference.
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My second story is about love and loss.
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I was lucky.
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I found what I loved to do early in life.
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Waz and I started Apple in my parents' garage when I was 20.
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We worked hard, and in 10 years,
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Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4 ,000 employees.
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We'd just released our finest creation, the Macintosh, a year earlier, and I'd just turned 30.
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And then I got fired.
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How can you get fired from a company you started?
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Well, as Apple grew, we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me.
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And for the first year or so, things went well.
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But then our visions of the future began to diverge, and eventually we had a falling out.
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When we did, our board of directors sided with him.
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And so at 30, I was out, and very publicly out.
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What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.
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I really didn't know what to do for a few months.
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I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down, that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me.
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I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly.
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I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley.
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But something slowly began to dawn on me.
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I still loved what I did.
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The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit.
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I'd been rejected, but I was still in love.
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And so I decided to start over.
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I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me.
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The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything.
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It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.
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During the next five years, I started a company named Next,
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another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife.
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Pixar went on to create the world's first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world.
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In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought Next, and I returned to Apple,
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and the technology we developed at Next is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance, and Lorene and I have a wonderful family together.
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I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple.
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It was awful -tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it.
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Sometimes life's going to hit you in the head with a brick.
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Don't lose faith.
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I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did.
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You've got to find what you love, and that is as true for work as it is for your lovers.
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Your work is going to fill a large part of your life,
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and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work,
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and the only way to do great work is to love what you do.
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If you haven't found it yet, keep looking and don't settle.
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As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it.
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And like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on.
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So keep looking.
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Don't settle.
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My third story is about death.
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When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like, if you live each day as if it was your last,
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someday you'll most certainly be right.
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It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself,
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if today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?
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And whenever the answer has been no for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.
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Remembering
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that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life.
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Because almost everything, all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure, these things just fall away in the face of death,
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leaving only what is truly important.
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Remembering
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that you are going to die is the best way
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I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose.
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You are already naked.
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There is no reason not to follow your heart.
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About a year ago, I was diagnosed with cancer.
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I had a scan at 7 .30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas.
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I didn't even know what a pancreas was.
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The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer
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that is incurable and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months.
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My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die.
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It means to try and tell your kids everything.
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you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months.
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It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family.
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It means to say your goodbyes.
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I live with that diagnosis all day.
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Later that evening, I had a biopsy where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines,
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put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor.
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I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope,
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the doctor started crying, because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery.
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I had the surgery, and thankfully, I'm fine now.
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This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get for a few more decades.
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Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than
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when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept.
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No one wants to die.
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Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there.
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And yet, death is the destination we all share.
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No one has ever escaped it.
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And that is as it should be because death is very likely the single best invention of life.
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It's life's change agent.
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It clears out the old to make way for the new.
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Right now, the new is you.
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But someday, not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away.
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Sorry to be so dramatic, but it's quite true.
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Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life.
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Don't be trapped by dogma, which is living with the results of other people's thinking.
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Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice.
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And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition.
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They somehow already know what you truly want to become.
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Everything else is secondary.
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When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the Bibles of my generation.
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It was created by a fellow named Stuart Brand, not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch.
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This was in the late 60s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and Polaroid cameras.
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It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along.
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It was idealistic, overflowing with neat tools and great notions.
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Stewart and his team put out several issues of the Whole Earth Catalog, and then, when it had run its course,
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they put out a final issue.
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It was the mid -1970s, and I was your age.
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On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road,
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the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous.
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Beneath it were the words, stay hungry, stay foolish.
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It was their farewell message as they signed off.
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Stay hungry, stay foolish.
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And I have always wished that for myself.
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And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.
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Stay hungry, stay foolish.
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Thank you all very much.
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Stay hungry, stay foolish.
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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
บทเรียนฝึกพูดนี้ใช้วิดีโอ “Steve Jobs Stanford Commencement Speech 2005” เป็นสื่อ วิดีโอนี้มี 177 ประโยค และ 2262 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 14:19 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วเป็นธรรมชาติ ประมาณ 158 คำต่อนาที ใกล้เคียงกับบทสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวัน 83% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| connect คำกริยา | /kəˈnɛkt/ | เชื่อม, ต่อ |
| hungry คำคุณศัพท์ | /ˈhʌŋ.ɡɹi/ | หิว, ท้องเลว |
| foolish คำคุณศัพท์ | /ˈfuː.lɪʃ/ | โง่ |
| trap คำนาม | /tɹæp/ | กับ, กับดัก |
| garage คำนาม | /ɡəˈɹɑʒ/ | โรงรถ |
| tumor คำนาม | /tuː.məɹ/ | เนื้องอก |
| intuition คำนาม | /ˌɪn.tjuːˈɪʃ.ən/ | อัชฌัตติกญาณ |
| meal คำนาม | /ˈmiːl/ | อาหาร, มื้อ |
| mirror คำนาม | /ˈmiɹɚ/ | กระจก, กระจกเงา |
| publication คำนาม | /ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ | การตีพิมพ์ |
| temple คำนาม | /ˈtɛm.pl̩/ | วัด |
| label คำนาม | /ˈleɪ.bəl/ | ฉลาก |
| naked คำคุณศัพท์ | /ˈneɪkɪd/ | ล่อนจ้อน, โล้งโต้ง |
| capture คำกริยา | /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/ | ยึด |
| stomach คำนาม | /ˈstʌmək/ | ท้อง, กระเพาะ |
ประโยคที่ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำ
ประโยคสั้น ๆ ที่สมบูรณ์จากวิดีโอ ซึ่งนำไปใช้ในบทสนทนาประจำวันได้:
- So why'd I drop out?
- Do you want him?
- How can you get fired from a company you started?
- I'd been rejected, but I was still in love.
- I didn't even know what a pancreas was.
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | be told · was born · should be adopted |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | I've ever gotten · haven't found · have looked |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | someone who I · woman who would · order, which is |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 36 ครั้ง เช่น don't, didn't, I'm ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “th”: throat /ˈθɹoʊt/, beneath /bɪˈniːθ/
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: foolish /ˈfuː.lɪʃ/, garage /ɡəˈɹɑʒ/, adoption /əˈdɑp.ʃən/, intuition /ˌɪn.tjuːˈɪʃ.ən/, publication /ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, intuition /ˌɪn.tjuːˈɪʃ.ən/, publication /ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/, intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlɛkt͡ʃʊəl/, destination /dɛstɪˈneɪʃən/
เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:
- เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: foolish /ˈfuː.lɪʃ/, settle /ˈsɛtəl/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, meal /ˈmiːl/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/
- /v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: convince /kənˈvɪns/, lover /ˈlʌvɚ/, vary /ˈvɛəɹi/, advise /ədˈvaɪz/, invention /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/
- /z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: refuse /ɹɪˈfjuːz/, deposit /dɪˈpɑ.zɪt/, apologize /əˈpɑləˌd͡ʒaɪz/, advise /ədˈvaɪz/, combinations /kɑmbɪˈneɪʃənz/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง connect, hungry, foolish เป็นพิเศษ
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ