Shadowing Practice: Two Different Things Are Killing Sharks - Learn English Speaking with Video
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People tend to think of sharks as fearsome, powerful, untouchable predators.
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They're definitely scary and powerful, but… untouchable?
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Maybe not as much as you might imagine.
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Even the white shark, often considered the largest predatory fish on the planet, is not immune to the unforgiving nature of, well, nature.
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These iconic predators of the sea face all kinds of threats.
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And in two different places, for two apparently different reasons, great whites are dying in large numbers.
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And scientists aren't totally sure why.
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First, let's introduce the Great White Shark, also known as the White Pointer, or just simply the White Shark.
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They were named for their white undersides, despite the fact that most of the shark is actually gray.
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White sharks are common in popular media.
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And why wouldn't they be?
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They grow to around 4 .5 meters long and roughly 1 ,800 kilograms.
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And who doesn't love a massive predator?
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They also make pretty compelling subjects for lots of scientific research, and they can be easier to study than other sharks.
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See, studying migratory species is extremely hard.
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They spend time far offshore and in deep waters that are really hard to reach.
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But even though white sharks are also migratory, their patterns can be pretty predictable,
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and they tend to spend a lot of their time close to beaches and in shallower waters when they're not crossing oceans.
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Bad news if you're a seal.
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But if you're a researcher, this makes your job way easier.
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And the truth is, sharks, including the white shark, are critical to the health of our ocean ecosystems.
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They help regulate the population sizes and behaviors of animals at lower trophic levels, such as sea lions and otters.
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So if we want a healthy ocean, and therefore a healthy planet, we want healthy sharks.
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Which is where our problem lies.
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Let's start with South Africa.
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White sharks are ubiquitous in South African waters, aggregating in several regions around the coast.
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Or, at least, they used to be.
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Over the past decade, people have seen fewer white sharks swimming in those waters, and more of them washing up on beaches.
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Beached shark carcasses were often found with missing livers and perfect slashes on them, so precise and clean they almost seemed surgical.
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Which probably raised more questions than it answered.
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And some people were worried that swordfish had evolved into scalpel fish.
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But the discovery of tooth marks on the bodies led scientists to a more feasible hypothesis — orcas.
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Although we often describe white sharks as if they're the top of the food chain, that's not always the case.
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Orcas are known to hunt white sharks, and they're not interested in a filet -o -shark.
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They really just want the shark's liver.
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Shark livers are massive, making up approximately a third of their body weight.
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They're filled with lipids, and since sharks don't have gas -filled swim bladders like their bony fish cousins,
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this fatty liver is what they rely on for buoyancy regulation.
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Because of how fatty and nutrient -dense shark livers are, it's the perfect meal for a fast -paced, warm -blooded predator like the killer whale.
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Orcas have been known to hunt white sharks in other regions, like California.
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And when an orca pod rolls through, the sharks start to roll out, avoiding their predators like any sensible prey would.
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However, while the new snacking habits of South African orcas sounds like a tidy answer,
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it may not be the only reason the number of white sharks has dipped in the last few years.
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In addition to orca gains, South African white sharks are also dealing with fishing pressure and shark deterrent efforts on local beaches.
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While experts really aren't sure which factor tipped the shark scales, it all adds up to a pretty hostile environment.
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Experts hope that addressing as many of these concerns as possible may bring back the iconic
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South African sharks.
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Not sure how they'll convince the orcas to lay off the liver, but we'll see what happens.
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Our next group of endangered white sharks is found off the coast of North America.
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And what's disrupting the sharks in Canada and the US is even more confusing
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and less visible than it is in South Africa.
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Allow me to explain.
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In 2023, a dead white shark washed ashore on Prince Edward Island in Canada.
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It didn't look injured and seemed otherwise pretty healthy.
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But when researchers did a necropsy, which is just an animal autopsy, they found that the shark had inflammation of the brain and surrounding tissues,
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otherwise known as meningoencephalitis.
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Meanwhile, more seemingly healthy sharks were washing up dead, blood, many with brain swelling.
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One shark was seen displaying some odd behavior, like swimming erratically and bumping into things before dying and washing onto a beach.
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Surely this was another case of brain inflammation, right?
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Shockingly, no. Just when we think we've figured out a pattern, good ol' Mother Nature throws a curveball.
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And it's not just the Great Whites.
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Dead sharks with swollen brains seemed to be on the rise in several species, like sandbar sharks and thresher sharks.
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Even stranger, this is happening in the Atlantic and the Pacific, meaning whatever the problem is, it's really widespread.
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So, some mysterious thing is causing sharks' brains to swell up and die, and we still don't know exactly what.
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But, as it turns out, the answer may be hidden in a bunch of decades -old frozen salmon sharks.
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In the early 2000s, 18 beached salmon sharks were found to have died of meningoencephalitis.
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And in 2012, researchers analyzed some of them and found that a type of bacterium called
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Carnobacterium malta rheumaticum was the likeliest culprit.
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Which was weird, because this bacterium has been found in other fish species and in the water they swim in.
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And those guys all have perfectly unswollen brains.
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But for some unknown reason, this bacterium may be becoming pathogenic in some fish, including sharks.
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And we have an idea of how it could be reaching their brains.
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Through the endolymphatic system, which aids in hearing, balance, and orientation.
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Sharks have small pores on their heads that lead to their endolymphatic ducts, which provide access to the cranium.
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And we know that when these structures get invaded by pathogens in the water,
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it can cause disease and even death in several shark and ray species.
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So what do we know?
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We know that, for a decade, sharks have been washing up on beaches.
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We know that their deaths are often caused or accompanied by meningoencephalitis.
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And we know that this disease is sometimes attributed to a particular bacterium.
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What we don't know is probably the biggest piece of this medically mysterious marine puzzle,
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which is why this is happening and how concerned we all should be about it.
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Scientists are worried for some reasons and not so worried for others.
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Seeing sharks wash up on shore doesn't seem like it could be positive in any way,
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but it could be a sign that shark populations are recovering.
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A bigger population of sharks that are living also means there's a bigger population of sharks that are dying, hence an increase in washed up carcasses.
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And if this thing is contagious, more sharks also means more of a chance for diseases to be passed around,
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simply because the population is bigger and might be more densely packed into an area.
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So while we don't love a disease, if it means that shark populations are rebounding, it's not all bad.
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The concern comes in though
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when we start to think about a bacteria that's been living on other fish species without a problem, suddenly becoming a deadly pathogen in sharks.
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If this truly is what is happening, we need to understand why.
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Is it climate change?
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Pollution?
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Or a secret third option?
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Knowing what causes the bacterium to go rogue can help us figure out how to stop it from spreading
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and prevent it from happening with other bacteria in the future.
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These two shark -killing mysteries have two different causes, and therefore two different solutions, at least.
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But that also means they're teaching us two different lessons about our planet, our oceans, and all the big and not so big creatures in them,
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from the sharks and the orcas down to tiny bacteria.
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And maybe the biggest one is that the driving force behind ecosystem shifts is never really black and white.
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu konuşma dersi “Two Different Things Are Killing Sharks” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: shark, orca, brain, liver, fish. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 101 cümle ve 1404 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 7:32 sürüyor. Konuşmacı hızlı konuşuyor, dakikada yaklaşık 186 kelime; bu yüzden birbirine bağlanan ve zayıflayan sesler duyacaksınız. Kelimelerin yalnızca %77’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodan öğrenmeye değer 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| wash fiil | /wɑʃ/ | yıkamak, yumak |
| predator isim | /ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/ | yırtıcı |
| swim fiil | /swɪm/ | yüzmek |
| scientist isim | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | âlim, âlime |
| liver isim | /ˈlɪvɚ/ | karaciğer |
| researcher isim | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | araştırmacı, araştırıcı |
| swell fiil | /swɛl/ | şişmek, şişirmek |
| mysterious sıfat | /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/ | gizemli, esrarlı |
| salmon isim | /ˈsæmən/ | somon |
| ecosystem isim | /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/ | ekosistem |
| inflammation isim | /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/ | enflamasyon, iltihap |
| meal isim | /ˈmiːl/ | yemek, aş |
| killer isim | /ˈkɪlɚ/ | katil |
| lesson isim | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | ders, çimke |
| discovery isim | /dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/ | keşif |
Duyacağınız deyimsel fiiller
| Kelime | Anlam |
|---|---|
| figure out fiil | açığa çıkarmak |
| lay off fiil | işten çıkarmak |
| roll out fiil | sunmak |
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — önceden başlayıp hâlâ süren bir eylem | have been washing · that's been living |
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | were named · were often found · are known |
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | have seen · have been known · has dipped |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı they're, don't, aren't gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 21 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “th” sesleri: tooth /tuθ/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, pathogen /ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/, pathogenic /pæθəˈd͡ʒɛnɪk/, thresher /ˈθɹɛʃə(ɹ)/
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: wash /wɑʃ/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, shore /ʃɔɹ/, tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: mysterious /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, orientation /ˌɔː.ɹi.ənˈteɪ.ʃən/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- /w/ — dudaklar yuvarlak, /v/ değil: wash /wɑʃ/, swim /swɪm/, swell /swɛl/, meanwhile /ˈmiːnwaɪl/, widespread /ˌwaɪdˈspɹɛd/
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: predator /ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/, swim /swɪm/, swell /swɛl/, gray /ɡɹeɪ/, scary /ˈskɛə.ɹi/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: salmon /ˈsæmən/, habit /ˈhæb.ɪt/, shallow /ˈʃæloʊ/, aggregate /ˈæɡ.ɹɪ.ɡət/, snack /snæk/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; wash, predator, swim gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.