Pratique du Shadowing: Two Different Things Are Killing Sharks - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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People tend to think of sharks as fearsome, powerful, untouchable predators.
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They're definitely scary and powerful, but… untouchable?
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Maybe not as much as you might imagine.
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Even the white shark, often considered the largest predatory fish on the planet, is not immune to the unforgiving nature of, well, nature.
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These iconic predators of the sea face all kinds of threats.
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And in two different places, for two apparently different reasons, great whites are dying in large numbers.
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And scientists aren't totally sure why.
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First, let's introduce the Great White Shark, also known as the White Pointer, or just simply the White Shark.
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They were named for their white undersides, despite the fact that most of the shark is actually gray.
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White sharks are common in popular media.
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And why wouldn't they be?
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They grow to around 4 .5 meters long and roughly 1 ,800 kilograms.
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And who doesn't love a massive predator?
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They also make pretty compelling subjects for lots of scientific research, and they can be easier to study than other sharks.
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See, studying migratory species is extremely hard.
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They spend time far offshore and in deep waters that are really hard to reach.
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But even though white sharks are also migratory, their patterns can be pretty predictable,
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and they tend to spend a lot of their time close to beaches and in shallower waters when they're not crossing oceans.
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Bad news if you're a seal.
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But if you're a researcher, this makes your job way easier.
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And the truth is, sharks, including the white shark, are critical to the health of our ocean ecosystems.
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They help regulate the population sizes and behaviors of animals at lower trophic levels, such as sea lions and otters.
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So if we want a healthy ocean, and therefore a healthy planet, we want healthy sharks.
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Which is where our problem lies.
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Let's start with South Africa.
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White sharks are ubiquitous in South African waters, aggregating in several regions around the coast.
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Or, at least, they used to be.
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Over the past decade, people have seen fewer white sharks swimming in those waters, and more of them washing up on beaches.
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Beached shark carcasses were often found with missing livers and perfect slashes on them, so precise and clean they almost seemed surgical.
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Which probably raised more questions than it answered.
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And some people were worried that swordfish had evolved into scalpel fish.
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But the discovery of tooth marks on the bodies led scientists to a more feasible hypothesis — orcas.
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Although we often describe white sharks as if they're the top of the food chain, that's not always the case.
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Orcas are known to hunt white sharks, and they're not interested in a filet -o -shark.
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They really just want the shark's liver.
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Shark livers are massive, making up approximately a third of their body weight.
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They're filled with lipids, and since sharks don't have gas -filled swim bladders like their bony fish cousins,
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this fatty liver is what they rely on for buoyancy regulation.
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Because of how fatty and nutrient -dense shark livers are, it's the perfect meal for a fast -paced, warm -blooded predator like the killer whale.
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Orcas have been known to hunt white sharks in other regions, like California.
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And when an orca pod rolls through, the sharks start to roll out, avoiding their predators like any sensible prey would.
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However, while the new snacking habits of South African orcas sounds like a tidy answer,
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it may not be the only reason the number of white sharks has dipped in the last few years.
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In addition to orca gains, South African white sharks are also dealing with fishing pressure and shark deterrent efforts on local beaches.
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While experts really aren't sure which factor tipped the shark scales, it all adds up to a pretty hostile environment.
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Experts hope that addressing as many of these concerns as possible may bring back the iconic
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South African sharks.
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Not sure how they'll convince the orcas to lay off the liver, but we'll see what happens.
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Our next group of endangered white sharks is found off the coast of North America.
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And what's disrupting the sharks in Canada and the US is even more confusing
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and less visible than it is in South Africa.
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Allow me to explain.
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In 2023, a dead white shark washed ashore on Prince Edward Island in Canada.
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It didn't look injured and seemed otherwise pretty healthy.
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But when researchers did a necropsy, which is just an animal autopsy, they found that the shark had inflammation of the brain and surrounding tissues,
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otherwise known as meningoencephalitis.
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Meanwhile, more seemingly healthy sharks were washing up dead, blood, many with brain swelling.
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One shark was seen displaying some odd behavior, like swimming erratically and bumping into things before dying and washing onto a beach.
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Surely this was another case of brain inflammation, right?
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Shockingly, no. Just when we think we've figured out a pattern, good ol' Mother Nature throws a curveball.
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And it's not just the Great Whites.
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Dead sharks with swollen brains seemed to be on the rise in several species, like sandbar sharks and thresher sharks.
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Even stranger, this is happening in the Atlantic and the Pacific, meaning whatever the problem is, it's really widespread.
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So, some mysterious thing is causing sharks' brains to swell up and die, and we still don't know exactly what.
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But, as it turns out, the answer may be hidden in a bunch of decades -old frozen salmon sharks.
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In the early 2000s, 18 beached salmon sharks were found to have died of meningoencephalitis.
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And in 2012, researchers analyzed some of them and found that a type of bacterium called
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Carnobacterium malta rheumaticum was the likeliest culprit.
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Which was weird, because this bacterium has been found in other fish species and in the water they swim in.
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And those guys all have perfectly unswollen brains.
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But for some unknown reason, this bacterium may be becoming pathogenic in some fish, including sharks.
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And we have an idea of how it could be reaching their brains.
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Through the endolymphatic system, which aids in hearing, balance, and orientation.
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Sharks have small pores on their heads that lead to their endolymphatic ducts, which provide access to the cranium.
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And we know that when these structures get invaded by pathogens in the water,
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it can cause disease and even death in several shark and ray species.
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So what do we know?
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We know that, for a decade, sharks have been washing up on beaches.
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We know that their deaths are often caused or accompanied by meningoencephalitis.
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And we know that this disease is sometimes attributed to a particular bacterium.
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What we don't know is probably the biggest piece of this medically mysterious marine puzzle,
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which is why this is happening and how concerned we all should be about it.
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Scientists are worried for some reasons and not so worried for others.
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Seeing sharks wash up on shore doesn't seem like it could be positive in any way,
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but it could be a sign that shark populations are recovering.
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A bigger population of sharks that are living also means there's a bigger population of sharks that are dying, hence an increase in washed up carcasses.
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And if this thing is contagious, more sharks also means more of a chance for diseases to be passed around,
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simply because the population is bigger and might be more densely packed into an area.
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So while we don't love a disease, if it means that shark populations are rebounding, it's not all bad.
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The concern comes in though
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when we start to think about a bacteria that's been living on other fish species without a problem, suddenly becoming a deadly pathogen in sharks.
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If this truly is what is happening, we need to understand why.
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Is it climate change?
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Pollution?
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Or a secret third option?
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Knowing what causes the bacterium to go rogue can help us figure out how to stop it from spreading
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and prevent it from happening with other bacteria in the future.
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These two shark -killing mysteries have two different causes, and therefore two different solutions, at least.
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But that also means they're teaching us two different lessons about our planet, our oceans, and all the big and not so big creatures in them,
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from the sharks and the orcas down to tiny bacteria.
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And maybe the biggest one is that the driving force behind ecosystem shifts is never really black and white.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « Two Different Things Are Killing Sharks ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : shark, orca, brain, liver, fish. Cette vidéo contient 101 phrases et 1404 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 7:32. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 186 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. Seuls 77 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| wash verbe | /wɑʃ/ | laver |
| predator nom | /ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/ | prédateur |
| swim verbe | /swɪm/ | nager |
| scientist nom | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | scientifique, savant |
| liver nom | /ˈlɪvɚ/ | foie |
| researcher nom | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | chercheur, chercheuse |
| swell verbe | /swɛl/ | gonfler, enfler |
| mysterious adjectif | /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/ | mystérieux |
| iconic adjectif | /aɪˈkɑnɪk/ | iconique |
| salmon nom | /ˈsæmən/ | saumon |
| ecosystem nom | /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/ | écosystème |
| inflammation nom | /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/ | inflammation |
| meal nom | /ˈmiːl/ | repas |
| meanwhile adverbe | /ˈmiːnwaɪl/ | pendant ce temps-là, entretemps |
| killer nom | /ˈkɪlɚ/ | mortel, fatal |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| figure out verbe | cerner | |
| wash up verbe | se laver, se laver les mains | |
| bring back verbe | /ˈbɹɪŋ bæk/ | ramener, rapporter |
| lay off verbe | virer, licencier | |
| make up verbe | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | constituer, composer |
| roll out verbe | déployer, sortir | |
| turn out verbe | se finir, se terminer |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continu have/has been + -ing — une action commencée avant et toujours en cours | have been washing · that's been living |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | were named · were often found · are known |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | have seen · have been known · has dipped |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 21 contractions et formes réduites, comme they're, don't, aren't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: tooth /tuθ/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, pathogen /ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/, pathogenic /pæθəˈd͡ʒɛnɪk/, thresher /ˈθɹɛʃə(ɹ)/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: wash /wɑʃ/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, shore /ʃɔɹ/, tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: mysterious /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, orientation /ˌɔː.ɹi.ənˈteɪ.ʃən/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: hence /ˈhɛns/, habit /ˈhæb.ɪt/, hostile /ˈhɑstəl/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: researcher /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/, surgical /ˈsɝd͡ʒɪkəl/, endangered /ɪnˈdeɪn.d͡ʒɚd/, contagious /kənˈteɪ.d͡ʒəs/, pathogen /ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: predator /ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/, researcher /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/, mysterious /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/, discovery /dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/, gray /ɡɹeɪ/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme wash, predator, swim.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.