Практика Shadowing: Two Different Things Are Killing Sharks - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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People tend to think of sharks as fearsome, powerful, untouchable predators.

They're definitely scary and powerful, but… untouchable?

Maybe not as much as you might imagine.

Even the white shark, often considered the largest predatory fish on the planet, is not immune to the unforgiving nature of, well, nature.

These iconic predators of the sea face all kinds of threats.

And in two different places, for two apparently different reasons, great whites are dying in large numbers.

And scientists aren't totally sure why.

First, let's introduce the Great White Shark, also known as the White Pointer, or just simply the White Shark.

They were named for their white undersides, despite the fact that most of the shark is actually gray.

White sharks are common in popular media.

And why wouldn't they be?

They grow to around 4 .5 meters long and roughly 1 ,800 kilograms.

And who doesn't love a massive predator?

They also make pretty compelling subjects for lots of scientific research, and they can be easier to study than other sharks.

See, studying migratory species is extremely hard.

They spend time far offshore and in deep waters that are really hard to reach.

But even though white sharks are also migratory, their patterns can be pretty predictable,

and they tend to spend a lot of their time close to beaches and in shallower waters when they're not crossing oceans.

Bad news if you're a seal.

But if you're a researcher, this makes your job way easier.

And the truth is, sharks, including the white shark, are critical to the health of our ocean ecosystems.

They help regulate the population sizes and behaviors of animals at lower trophic levels, such as sea lions and otters.

So if we want a healthy ocean, and therefore a healthy planet, we want healthy sharks.

Which is where our problem lies.

Let's start with South Africa.

White sharks are ubiquitous in South African waters, aggregating in several regions around the coast.

Or, at least, they used to be.

Over the past decade, people have seen fewer white sharks swimming in those waters, and more of them washing up on beaches.

Beached shark carcasses were often found with missing livers and perfect slashes on them, so precise and clean they almost seemed surgical.

Which probably raised more questions than it answered.

And some people were worried that swordfish had evolved into scalpel fish.

But the discovery of tooth marks on the bodies led scientists to a more feasible hypothesis — orcas.

Although we often describe white sharks as if they're the top of the food chain, that's not always the case.

Orcas are known to hunt white sharks, and they're not interested in a filet -o -shark.

They really just want the shark's liver.

Shark livers are massive, making up approximately a third of their body weight.

They're filled with lipids, and since sharks don't have gas -filled swim bladders like their bony fish cousins,

this fatty liver is what they rely on for buoyancy regulation.

Because of how fatty and nutrient -dense shark livers are, it's the perfect meal for a fast -paced, warm -blooded predator like the killer whale.

Orcas have been known to hunt white sharks in other regions, like California.

And when an orca pod rolls through, the sharks start to roll out, avoiding their predators like any sensible prey would.

However, while the new snacking habits of South African orcas sounds like a tidy answer,

it may not be the only reason the number of white sharks has dipped in the last few years.

In addition to orca gains, South African white sharks are also dealing with fishing pressure and shark deterrent efforts on local beaches.

While experts really aren't sure which factor tipped the shark scales, it all adds up to a pretty hostile environment.

Experts hope that addressing as many of these concerns as possible may bring back the iconic

South African sharks.

Not sure how they'll convince the orcas to lay off the liver, but we'll see what happens.

Our next group of endangered white sharks is found off the coast of North America.

And what's disrupting the sharks in Canada and the US is even more confusing

and less visible than it is in South Africa.

Allow me to explain.

In 2023, a dead white shark washed ashore on Prince Edward Island in Canada.

It didn't look injured and seemed otherwise pretty healthy.

But when researchers did a necropsy, which is just an animal autopsy, they found that the shark had inflammation of the brain and surrounding tissues,

otherwise known as meningoencephalitis.

Meanwhile, more seemingly healthy sharks were washing up dead, blood, many with brain swelling.

One shark was seen displaying some odd behavior, like swimming erratically and bumping into things before dying and washing onto a beach.

Surely this was another case of brain inflammation, right?

Shockingly, no. Just when we think we've figured out a pattern, good ol' Mother Nature throws a curveball.

And it's not just the Great Whites.

Dead sharks with swollen brains seemed to be on the rise in several species, like sandbar sharks and thresher sharks.

Even stranger, this is happening in the Atlantic and the Pacific, meaning whatever the problem is, it's really widespread.

So, some mysterious thing is causing sharks' brains to swell up and die, and we still don't know exactly what.

But, as it turns out, the answer may be hidden in a bunch of decades -old frozen salmon sharks.

In the early 2000s, 18 beached salmon sharks were found to have died of meningoencephalitis.

And in 2012, researchers analyzed some of them and found that a type of bacterium called

Carnobacterium malta rheumaticum was the likeliest culprit.

Which was weird, because this bacterium has been found in other fish species and in the water they swim in.

And those guys all have perfectly unswollen brains.

But for some unknown reason, this bacterium may be becoming pathogenic in some fish, including sharks.

And we have an idea of how it could be reaching their brains.

Through the endolymphatic system, which aids in hearing, balance, and orientation.

Sharks have small pores on their heads that lead to their endolymphatic ducts, which provide access to the cranium.

And we know that when these structures get invaded by pathogens in the water,

it can cause disease and even death in several shark and ray species.

So what do we know?

We know that, for a decade, sharks have been washing up on beaches.

We know that their deaths are often caused or accompanied by meningoencephalitis.

And we know that this disease is sometimes attributed to a particular bacterium.

What we don't know is probably the biggest piece of this medically mysterious marine puzzle,

which is why this is happening and how concerned we all should be about it.

Scientists are worried for some reasons and not so worried for others.

Seeing sharks wash up on shore doesn't seem like it could be positive in any way,

but it could be a sign that shark populations are recovering.

A bigger population of sharks that are living also means there's a bigger population of sharks that are dying, hence an increase in washed up carcasses.

And if this thing is contagious, more sharks also means more of a chance for diseases to be passed around,

simply because the population is bigger and might be more densely packed into an area.

So while we don't love a disease, if it means that shark populations are rebounding, it's not all bad.

The concern comes in though

when we start to think about a bacteria that's been living on other fish species without a problem, suddenly becoming a deadly pathogen in sharks.

If this truly is what is happening, we need to understand why.

Is it climate change?

Pollution?

Or a secret third option?

Knowing what causes the bacterium to go rogue can help us figure out how to stop it from spreading

and prevent it from happening with other bacteria in the future.

These two shark -killing mysteries have two different causes, and therefore two different solutions, at least.

But that also means they're teaching us two different lessons about our planet, our oceans, and all the big and not so big creatures in them,

100

from the sharks and the orcas down to tiny bacteria.

101

And maybe the biggest one is that the driving force behind ecosystem shifts is never really black and white.

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «Two Different Things Are Killing Sharks». Чаще всего повторяются слова: shark, orca, brain, liver, fish. В этом видео 101 предложений и 1404 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 7:32. Говорящий говорит быстро, около 186 слов в минуту, поэтому звуки часто сливаются и сокращаются. Только 77% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
wash глагол	/wɑʃ/	мыть, помы́ть
predator существительное	/ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/	хи́щник
swim глагол	/swɪm/	пла́вать, плыть
scientist существительное	/ˈsaɪəntəst/	учёный, учёная
liver существительное	/ˈlɪvɚ/	пе́чень, печёнка
researcher существительное	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	иссле́дователь, иссле́довательница
swell глагол	/swɛl/	раздува́ться, набуха́ть
mysterious прилагательное	/mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/	таи́нственный, зага́дочный
salmon существительное	/ˈsæmən/	оранжево-ро́зовый цвет, сомон
ecosystem существительное	/ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/	экосисте́ма
inflammation существительное	/ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/	воспале́ние
meal существительное	/ˈmiːl/	еда́, пи́ща
meanwhile наречие	/ˈmiːnwaɪl/	в э́то вре́мя, в то́ же вре́мя
killer существительное	/ˈkɪlɚ/	уби́йца, ки́ллер
lesson существительное	/ˈlɛs.ən/	уро́к, ле́кция

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Произношение	Значение
figure out глагол		разбира́ться, разобра́ться
wash up глагол		умыва́ться, умы́ться
lay off глагол		увольнять
make up глагол	/ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/	составля́ть, соста́вить
turn out глагол		ока́зываться, оказа́ться

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Present Perfect Continuous have/has been + -ing — действие началось раньше и продолжается	have been washing · that's been living
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	were named · were often found · are known
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	have seen · have been known · has dipped

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 21 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например they're, don't, aren't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «th»: tooth /tuθ/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, pathogen /ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/, pathogenic /pæθəˈd͡ʒɛnɪk/, thresher /ˈθɹɛʃə(ɹ)/
Звуки «sh» и «zh»: wash /wɑʃ/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, shore /ʃɔɹ/, tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: mysterious /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, orientation /ˌɔː.ɹi.ənˈteɪ.ʃən/

Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:

/w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: wash /wɑʃ/, swim /swɪm/, swell /swɛl/, meanwhile /ˈmiːnwaɪl/, widespread /ˌwaɪdˈspɹɛd/
/h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: hence /ˈhɛns/, habit /ˈhæb.ɪt/, hostile /ˈhɑstəl/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/
Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: widespread /ˌwaɪdˈspɹɛd/, freeze /ˈfɹiːz/, rogue /ˈɹoʊɡ/, endangered /ɪnˈdeɪn.d͡ʒɚd/, analyze /ˈæn.əˌlaɪz/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как wash, predator, swim.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →

Практика Shadowing: Two Different Things Are Killing Sharks - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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