Практика Shadowing: Why Do We Sneeze? - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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Everyone, everywhere occasionally sneezes.
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It’s something humans—and even some animals like cats, and dogs, and chickens —just do.
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But why? Why do we sneeze?
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If your answer is that it’s our nose’s way of getting rid of irritants and excess mucus, you’re right -- but only partly.
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See, scientists have long thought that sneezing -- technically known as sternutation -- is a reflex.
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When irritants—like dust, dander, germs, or pollen —get into your nose, your brain sends out a signal to get rid of it.
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That same signal goes out if an excessive amount of mucus is hanging out in there too -- say, if you have a cold.
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This signal triggers a deep breath, which you hold in your lungs for a moment.
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While you’re holding your breath, your chest muscles clench and pressure builds.
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Your tongue is forced to the roof of your mouth ... and you breathe out -- fast -- through your nose in the form of a sneeze.
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That’s the old, short, and still correct answer to the question “Why do we sneeze?” But according to a paper published in 2012 in the journal FASEB, there’s a little more to it than that.
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And it all has to do with cilia, the tiny, hairlike paddles that line our noses and sinuses.
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In the study, a group of researchers from the University of Pennsylvania basically grew a tiny nose.
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They took cells from the nostrils of several healthy adults and grew them in an incubator for a few weeks, until the cells formed the same type of lining that's in your sinus, complete with cilia.
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Then, to mimic a sneeze, the scientists puffed air on the lining.
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They noticed that the burst of air triggered the cilia—which look sort of like shaggy dog hair under a microscope—to kick into high gear, moving back and forth repeatedly for up to several minutes after the trick sneeze.
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So, why were they so active for so long?
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Any potential irritants would have been cleared out already.
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Well, the triggered cilia were acting as a broom, basically resetting the entire nasal environment, not just the parts where there’d been irritating gunk.
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Just like computers do, biologists think that our nose needs a reboot every once in a while… and its kinda-furry restart button is made of all those cilia.
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But it turns out that not everybody’s sneezes actually reboot their nose.
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In addition to looking at healthy folks’ cells, this same group of scientists took a peek at the cells of people suffering from sinusitis, which causes inflamed sinuses and general nasal discomfort—runny nose, nasal congestion, all that fun stuff.
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They discovered that when they puffed air onto the tissue of the sinusitis sufferers, the cilia didn’t beat faster.
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Meaning that chronic sinusitis might have to do with cilia that can’t properly reset post-sneeze -- and that knowledge might help researchers developing treatments for it.
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Thanks for asking, and thanks especially to all of our patrons on Patreon who keep these answers coming.
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If you’d like to submit questions to be answered, or get these Quick Questions a few days before everyone else, go to patreon.com/scishow.
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Об этом уроке
Вы практикуете английский с "Why Do We Sneeze?" с помощью техники Shadowing — метода, разработанного для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков.
Слушайте каждое предложение, обращайте внимание на ударения и связывание звуков, затем повторяйте вслух уверенно. 15–30 минут ежедневной практики дадут заметные результаты.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.