Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Single Phase Electricity Explained - wiring diagram energy meter
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Hey there guys, Paul here from TheEngineeringMindset .com.
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In this video, we're going to be looking at a typical single -phase electricity supplier into a domestic property.
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We're going to look at the distribution cables and transformer, the phase neutral on earth, the main fuse, the electricity meter,
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the isolation switch, the consumer unit as well as the RCDs and MCBs.
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Now, this is a common design used across the UK, Europe, India, Australia, New Zealand, etc. There are some slight variations,
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and these components may look a little different between the countries, but essentially it's very similar.
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However, North America is a little different because they use two voltages in the homes,
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so we're going to look at that in detail in a separate video.
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You can still follow along in this video to understand the basics, though.
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I'm going to be using the European color codes for this video that may be different from your local regulations.
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Remember, electricity is dangerous and can be fatal.
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You should be qualified and competent to carry out any electrical work.
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So the electricity is generated far away at the power station.
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The electricity leaves the power station
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and the voltage is increased in a step -up transformer where it will then be distributed over long distance transmission lines.
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We generate and distribute AC alternating current because it is more efficient and convenient than DC direct current.
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Once it reaches the town, the voltage will be reduced in a substation step -down transformer.
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If you want to learn how transformers work, we've covered this in a previous video, do check that out, links in the video description below.
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From the substation, the electricity will either be distributed locally through overhead or underground cables.
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Depending on the local design and the voltages being used, a home might be connected directly to a small transformer located close to the property
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or alternatively a group of houses will share a larger transformer.
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The electricity is distributed in three phases
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but in this case we're looking at a single phase installation
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which means the property is connected to just one of these three phases as well as the neutral.
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We've also covered how three -phase electricity works in a previous video do check that out links in the video description below.
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Now, each house in a street might be alternately connected to a different phase
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or different streets might be connected to different phases.
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This is just to try and balance the demand on the transformer.
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A smaller service cable comes off the distribution cable and will feed the property.
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This service cable will again be overhead or underground depending on the local installation.
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The service cable contains the phase and neutral wires.
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There's also a metal protective sheath around the cable in most cases especially
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if it's buried underground the service cable comes in the electricity
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is going to flow through the phase pass through the main fuse then through the electricity meter
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and then into the consumer unit the service head
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or cutout holds the main fuse
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or service fuse this fuse provides protection to the property
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and ensures only a set amount of current can flow into the property for example in the uk
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it's typical to have a fuse rated between 60
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and 100 amps the electricity distribution company may also remove this fuse to isolate the property.
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They may do this for example to replace the electricity meter.
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The phase and the neutral then enter the electricity meter which quantifies how much energy is being consumed.
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You may find that this meter is mechanical or electrical or even a digital smart meter.
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There are a lot of variations of design for these.
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The phase and the neutral will then leave the electricity meter and enter the consumer unit or fuse board.
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The The consumer unit or fuse board varies in size depending on the size of the property
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and how many circuits there are being controlled.
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Inside the consumer unit we first have the main switch or main double pole isolation switch.
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This controls the supply of electricity to the rest of the consumer unit and therefore all the circuits feeding the property.
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This switch is not automatic and must be manually flipped to cut the power.
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This switch will disconnect both the phase and the neutral line together.
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The cables typically enter the main switch via the top terminals.
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At the bottom we find the neutral wire which will connect to the neutral block connection.
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We might find one or more phase wires coming out of the bottom of the main switch to feed the RCDs.
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If there aren't RCDs being used, then a bus bar will feed the circuit breakers but we'll look at that again shortly.
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The phase line enters the RCD or residual current device, again usually entering via the top.
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This RCD switch is constantly monitoring the electrical current.
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It's checking if the current in the phase line is equal to the current in the neutral line.
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If these two currents are not equal,
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then there is an electrical fault and the device will quickly and automatically cut the power to everything past the switch.
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Typically, an RCD will break the circuit
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if it measures a difference of 30 milliamps as anything above this is dangerous for humans.
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If you touch a live wire and electricity flows through you to the ground,
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then the current is bypassing the neutral wire so the phase and the neutral currents will not be equal.
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The RCD will notice this and then cut the circuit to reduce the risk of electric shock or death.
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It's now increasingly common to have two or more RCDs in a consumer unit.
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In such case, the RCD will only cut the power to the circuits connected directly after it.
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So the other RCD will still be powered and only some parts of the property will lose power.
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The RCD will trip when it believes the current is unsafe even for a fraction of a second.
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It does need to be manually reset to restore the power,
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but this does not solve the problem and you should locate and remove any faulty appliance or fixture.
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From the bottom of the RCD, we have a buzz bar.
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This is just some conductive metal which the electricity flows along and connects into each of the MCBs,
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which just makes the installation easier rather than having a lot of cables.
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The MCB or miniature circuit breaker controls individual smaller circuits.
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For example, connected to one RCD, maybe we'll have one MCB for the downstairs lighting, one for the upstairs lighting,
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and one for the kitchen plug sockets.
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On the other RCD, maybe we have one for the stairwell lighting, one for the upstairs lighting, and one for the downstairs plug sockets.
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These switches will quickly and automatically trip to cut the power, but they also need to be manually set to restore the power.
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The MCB protects the circuit in two ways, overload and short circuit.
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The MCB is rated to handle a certain amount of current passing through it.
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For example, 32 amps for the plug sockets.
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If this value is exceeded on that circuit, for example, by gradually plugging in too many things,
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then the MCB will trip and cut the power to protect itself.
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The other protection it offers is short circuit protection.
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In the event of a short circuit, for example, the live touches the neutral,
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then the circuit is bypassed and there may be a large and instantaneous increase in current.
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This will create a magnetic field inside the MCB which will cut the power to protect itself.
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The phase then leaves via the top of the MCB and will flow through the circuit, for example through some lamps.
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It then returns via the neutral cable and into the neutral block.
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All the circuits do this with the phase coming out of the circuit breaker
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and heading off around the property and the neutral lines coming back and meeting at the neutral block.
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The neutral block is then connected to the RCD which checks
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if the current flowing in is equal to the current flowing out.
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The neutral then flows from the RCD to the main neutral block
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and from there back to the main switch which is connected to the electricity meter and the service head.
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So electricity can then flow from the main distribution phase line up through the service head and the main fuse.
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It then flows through the electricity meter and into the consumer unit main switch.
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From the main switch it flows through the the RCD, along the buzz bar and into the MCB.
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It then flows up around the MCB separated circuits.
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The electricity can then come back via the neutral lines and into the neutral blocks.
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It then flows through the RCD and back into the main block.
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From there, back into the main switch and then the electricity meter.
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It will then pass through the service head and the fuse and back into the neutral line of the main distribution cables.
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Now you may have noticed that there's some other cables with green and yellow stripes.
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These are called the IRF cables.
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This IRF cable usually runs along with the phaser neutral wires into the fixtures such as light switches and plug sockets.
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Some appliances will also use an IRF wire for added protection, typically if the device uses a metal casing.
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The IRF wires will connect from these fixtures into the neutral block with the consumer unit.
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All the IRF cables for each circuit then connect into the IRFing block in the unit.
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Another IRF cable will then connect from this IRFing block in the consumer unit over to the main protective earthing terminal,
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which is typically located somewhere near the electricity meter.
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Other earthing wires will connect from this main earthing terminal over
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and onto metal pipes such as the plumbing and the gas pipework.
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That way, if a person touches a live wire in a metal pipe in the property,
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the electricity will flow through the earth wire and should be detected by the RCD, which will cut the power.
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There are a few ways the main protective earthing terminal is connected to ground.
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The first option is shown here, with the main earth terminal being connected to the neutral wire of the service cable within the service head.
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This means that the phase to earth fault is effectively now a phase to neutral fault instead.
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Another option is to use the metal protection sheath around the service cable as the earth conductor.
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So the main earth terminal is connected to the metal sheath
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and this carries the phase to earth fault back to the transformer.
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The other option, which is when the electricity supplied doesn't provide an earth path
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so instead the main earth terminal is connected to an electrode rod
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which is installed into the ground and provides a direct earth path.
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Okay that's it for this video but
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if you want to continue your learning then check out one of the videos on screen now
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and I'll catch you there for the next lesson.
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Don't forget to follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and of course theengineeringmindset .com.
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Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này
Bài luyện nói này dựa trên video “Single Phase Electricity Explained - wiring diagram energy meter”. Những từ được nhắc lại nhiều nhất trong bài: neutral, electricity, phase, main, Rcd. Video này có 129 câu và 1885 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 9:58. Người nói nói nhanh, khoảng 189 từ mỗi phút, nên sẽ có nhiều chỗ nối âm và nuốt âm. Chỉ 79% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất, nên từ vựng khá khó.
Từ vựng quan trọng trong video
15 từ đáng học trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:
| Từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa |
|---|---|---|
| neutral tính từ | /ˈnuː.tɹəl/ | trung lập |
| connect động từ | /kəˈnɛkt/ | nối |
| wire danh từ | /ˈwaɪɚ/ | dây, dây thép |
| metre danh từ | /ˈmiːtəɹ/ | mét, thước |
| terminal danh từ | /ˈtɚmɪnəl/ | nhà ga |
| plug danh từ | /plʌɡ/ | phích, đầu cắm |
| voltage danh từ | /ˈvəʊltɪd͡ʒ/ | điện áp, hiệu điện thế |
| socket danh từ | /ˈsɑkɪt/ | ổ cắm điện, ổ điện |
| depend động từ | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | phụ thuộc |
| pipe danh từ | /ˈpaɪp/ | ống sáo, ống tiêu |
| generate động từ | /ˈd͡ʒɛn.ə.ɹeɪt/ | sinh ra, gây ra |
| leaf danh từ | /lif/ | lá |
| restore động từ | /ɹɪˈstoɹ/ | khôi phục, phục hồi |
| rat danh từ | /ɹæt/ | chuột |
| variation danh từ | /ˌvɛəɹiˈeɪʃn̩/ | sự biến đổi, sự thay đổi |
Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe
| Từ | Nghĩa |
|---|---|
| come back động từ | trở lại, trở về |
| check out động từ | tính tiền, trả phòng |
Ngữ pháp trong video
Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:
| Cấu trúc | Trong video |
|---|---|
| Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm | is generated · is increased · will be reduced |
| Mệnh đề quan hệ who / which + mệnh đề — thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật | wire which will · MCB which will · switch which is |
| Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại | we've covered · We've also covered |
Phát âm cần chú ý
Người nói dùng 13 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ we're, we'll, we've. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.
- Âm “sh” và “zh”: installation /ˌɪn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən/, variation /ˌvɛəɹiˈeɪʃn̩/, isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/, shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, shock /ʃɔk/
- Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, electrical /ɪˈlɛktɹɪkəl/, installation /ˌɪn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən/, manually /ˈmænj(u)əliː/, isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/
Những âm người Việt thường gặp khó:
- Cụm phụ âm cuối — đọc đủ từng âm, đừng nuốt âm cuối: connect /kəˈnɛkt/, underground /ˌʌn.dəɹˈɡɹaʊnd/, depend /dɪˈpɛnd/, upstairs /ˌʌpˈstɛɹz/, amp /ˈæmp/
- Âm /tʃ/, /dʒ/ và /ʒ/ — tiếng Việt không có, đừng đọc thành “ch” hay “gi”: voltage /ˈvəʊltɪd͡ʒ/, fixture /ˈfɪks.t͡ʃə/, generate /ˈd͡ʒɛn.ə.ɹeɪt/, gradually /ˈɡɹæd͡ʒuəli/, miniature /ˈmɪn.(i)ə.tʃəɹ/
- Âm /æ/ — mở miệng rộng hơn âm “e”: manually /ˈmænj(u)əliː/, rat /ɹæt/, amp /ˈæmp/, bypass /ˈbaɪpæs/, automatic /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/
Cách luyện với video này
- Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
- Bắt đầu ở tốc độ 0,75×, nói đuổi từng câu, rồi quay lại tốc độ bình thường khi đã quen.
- Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như neutral, connect, wire.
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.