Prática de Shadowing: Single Phase Electricity Explained - wiring diagram energy meter - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Hey there guys, Paul here from TheEngineeringMindset .com.
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In this video, we're going to be looking at a typical single -phase electricity supplier into a domestic property.
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We're going to look at the distribution cables and transformer, the phase neutral on earth, the main fuse, the electricity meter,
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the isolation switch, the consumer unit as well as the RCDs and MCBs.
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Now, this is a common design used across the UK, Europe, India, Australia, New Zealand, etc. There are some slight variations,
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and these components may look a little different between the countries, but essentially it's very similar.
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However, North America is a little different because they use two voltages in the homes,
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so we're going to look at that in detail in a separate video.
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You can still follow along in this video to understand the basics, though.
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I'm going to be using the European color codes for this video that may be different from your local regulations.
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Remember, electricity is dangerous and can be fatal.
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You should be qualified and competent to carry out any electrical work.
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So the electricity is generated far away at the power station.
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The electricity leaves the power station
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and the voltage is increased in a step -up transformer where it will then be distributed over long distance transmission lines.
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We generate and distribute AC alternating current because it is more efficient and convenient than DC direct current.
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Once it reaches the town, the voltage will be reduced in a substation step -down transformer.
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If you want to learn how transformers work, we've covered this in a previous video, do check that out, links in the video description below.
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From the substation, the electricity will either be distributed locally through overhead or underground cables.
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Depending on the local design and the voltages being used, a home might be connected directly to a small transformer located close to the property
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or alternatively a group of houses will share a larger transformer.
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The electricity is distributed in three phases
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but in this case we're looking at a single phase installation
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which means the property is connected to just one of these three phases as well as the neutral.
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We've also covered how three -phase electricity works in a previous video do check that out links in the video description below.
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Now, each house in a street might be alternately connected to a different phase
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or different streets might be connected to different phases.
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This is just to try and balance the demand on the transformer.
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A smaller service cable comes off the distribution cable and will feed the property.
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This service cable will again be overhead or underground depending on the local installation.
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The service cable contains the phase and neutral wires.
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There's also a metal protective sheath around the cable in most cases especially
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if it's buried underground the service cable comes in the electricity
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is going to flow through the phase pass through the main fuse then through the electricity meter
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and then into the consumer unit the service head
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or cutout holds the main fuse
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or service fuse this fuse provides protection to the property
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and ensures only a set amount of current can flow into the property for example in the uk
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it's typical to have a fuse rated between 60
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and 100 amps the electricity distribution company may also remove this fuse to isolate the property.
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They may do this for example to replace the electricity meter.
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The phase and the neutral then enter the electricity meter which quantifies how much energy is being consumed.
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You may find that this meter is mechanical or electrical or even a digital smart meter.
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There are a lot of variations of design for these.
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The phase and the neutral will then leave the electricity meter and enter the consumer unit or fuse board.
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The The consumer unit or fuse board varies in size depending on the size of the property
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and how many circuits there are being controlled.
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Inside the consumer unit we first have the main switch or main double pole isolation switch.
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This controls the supply of electricity to the rest of the consumer unit and therefore all the circuits feeding the property.
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This switch is not automatic and must be manually flipped to cut the power.
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This switch will disconnect both the phase and the neutral line together.
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The cables typically enter the main switch via the top terminals.
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At the bottom we find the neutral wire which will connect to the neutral block connection.
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We might find one or more phase wires coming out of the bottom of the main switch to feed the RCDs.
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If there aren't RCDs being used, then a bus bar will feed the circuit breakers but we'll look at that again shortly.
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The phase line enters the RCD or residual current device, again usually entering via the top.
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This RCD switch is constantly monitoring the electrical current.
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It's checking if the current in the phase line is equal to the current in the neutral line.
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If these two currents are not equal,
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then there is an electrical fault and the device will quickly and automatically cut the power to everything past the switch.
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Typically, an RCD will break the circuit
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if it measures a difference of 30 milliamps as anything above this is dangerous for humans.
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If you touch a live wire and electricity flows through you to the ground,
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then the current is bypassing the neutral wire so the phase and the neutral currents will not be equal.
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The RCD will notice this and then cut the circuit to reduce the risk of electric shock or death.
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It's now increasingly common to have two or more RCDs in a consumer unit.
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In such case, the RCD will only cut the power to the circuits connected directly after it.
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So the other RCD will still be powered and only some parts of the property will lose power.
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The RCD will trip when it believes the current is unsafe even for a fraction of a second.
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It does need to be manually reset to restore the power,
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but this does not solve the problem and you should locate and remove any faulty appliance or fixture.
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From the bottom of the RCD, we have a buzz bar.
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This is just some conductive metal which the electricity flows along and connects into each of the MCBs,
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which just makes the installation easier rather than having a lot of cables.
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The MCB or miniature circuit breaker controls individual smaller circuits.
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For example, connected to one RCD, maybe we'll have one MCB for the downstairs lighting, one for the upstairs lighting,
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and one for the kitchen plug sockets.
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On the other RCD, maybe we have one for the stairwell lighting, one for the upstairs lighting, and one for the downstairs plug sockets.
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These switches will quickly and automatically trip to cut the power, but they also need to be manually set to restore the power.
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The MCB protects the circuit in two ways, overload and short circuit.
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The MCB is rated to handle a certain amount of current passing through it.
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For example, 32 amps for the plug sockets.
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If this value is exceeded on that circuit, for example, by gradually plugging in too many things,
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then the MCB will trip and cut the power to protect itself.
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The other protection it offers is short circuit protection.
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In the event of a short circuit, for example, the live touches the neutral,
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then the circuit is bypassed and there may be a large and instantaneous increase in current.
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This will create a magnetic field inside the MCB which will cut the power to protect itself.
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The phase then leaves via the top of the MCB and will flow through the circuit, for example through some lamps.
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It then returns via the neutral cable and into the neutral block.
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All the circuits do this with the phase coming out of the circuit breaker
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and heading off around the property and the neutral lines coming back and meeting at the neutral block.
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The neutral block is then connected to the RCD which checks
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if the current flowing in is equal to the current flowing out.
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The neutral then flows from the RCD to the main neutral block
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and from there back to the main switch which is connected to the electricity meter and the service head.
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So electricity can then flow from the main distribution phase line up through the service head and the main fuse.
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It then flows through the electricity meter and into the consumer unit main switch.
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From the main switch it flows through the the RCD, along the buzz bar and into the MCB.
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It then flows up around the MCB separated circuits.
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The electricity can then come back via the neutral lines and into the neutral blocks.
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It then flows through the RCD and back into the main block.
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From there, back into the main switch and then the electricity meter.
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It will then pass through the service head and the fuse and back into the neutral line of the main distribution cables.
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Now you may have noticed that there's some other cables with green and yellow stripes.
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These are called the IRF cables.
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This IRF cable usually runs along with the phaser neutral wires into the fixtures such as light switches and plug sockets.
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Some appliances will also use an IRF wire for added protection, typically if the device uses a metal casing.
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The IRF wires will connect from these fixtures into the neutral block with the consumer unit.
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All the IRF cables for each circuit then connect into the IRFing block in the unit.
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Another IRF cable will then connect from this IRFing block in the consumer unit over to the main protective earthing terminal,
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which is typically located somewhere near the electricity meter.
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Other earthing wires will connect from this main earthing terminal over
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and onto metal pipes such as the plumbing and the gas pipework.
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That way, if a person touches a live wire in a metal pipe in the property,
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the electricity will flow through the earth wire and should be detected by the RCD, which will cut the power.
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There are a few ways the main protective earthing terminal is connected to ground.
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The first option is shown here, with the main earth terminal being connected to the neutral wire of the service cable within the service head.
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This means that the phase to earth fault is effectively now a phase to neutral fault instead.
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Another option is to use the metal protection sheath around the service cable as the earth conductor.
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So the main earth terminal is connected to the metal sheath
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and this carries the phase to earth fault back to the transformer.
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The other option, which is when the electricity supplied doesn't provide an earth path
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so instead the main earth terminal is connected to an electrode rod
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which is installed into the ground and provides a direct earth path.
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Okay that's it for this video but
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if you want to continue your learning then check out one of the videos on screen now
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and I'll catch you there for the next lesson.
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Don't forget to follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and of course theengineeringmindset .com.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Single Phase Electricity Explained - wiring diagram energy meter”. As palavras que mais se repetem: neutral, electricity, phase, main, Rcd. Este vídeo tem 129 frases e 1885 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 9:58. O falante fala rápido, cerca de 189 palavras por minuto, então espere sons ligados e reduzidos. Apenas 79% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| neutral adjetivo | /ˈnuː.tɹəl/ | neutro |
| electricity substantivo | /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/ | eletricidade |
| circuit substantivo | /ˈsɝ.kɪt/ | circuito, volta |
| connect verbo | /kəˈnɛkt/ | conectar |
| wire substantivo | /ˈwaɪɚ/ | arame |
| metre substantivo | /ˈmiːtəɹ/ | metro |
| fuse substantivo | /fjuːz/ | pavio, rastilho |
| terminal substantivo | /ˈtɚmɪnəl/ | terminal |
| plug substantivo | /plʌɡ/ | plugue |
| voltage substantivo | /ˈvəʊltɪd͡ʒ/ | tensão, voltagem |
| distribute verbo | /dɪˈstɹɪbjuːt/ | distribuir, parcelar |
| socket substantivo | /ˈsɑkɪt/ | tomada |
| underground adjetivo | /ˌʌn.dəɹˈɡɹaʊnd/ | subterrâneo |
| depend verbo | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | depender |
| installation substantivo | /ˌɪn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən/ | instalação |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| come back verbo | voltar | |
| carry out verbo | /ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/ | carregar |
| check out verbo | verificar, sacar só |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is generated · is increased · will be reduced |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | wire which will · MCB which will · switch which is |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | we've covered · We've also covered |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 13 contrações e formas reduzidas, como we're, we'll, we've. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: installation /ˌɪn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən/, variation /ˌvɛəɹiˈeɪʃn̩/, isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/, shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, shock /ʃɔk/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, electrical /ɪˈlɛktɹɪkəl/, installation /ˌɪn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən/, manually /ˈmænj(u)əliː/, isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: circuit /ˈsɝ.kɪt/, connect /kəˈnɛkt/, plug /plʌɡ/, distribute /dɪˈstɹɪbjuːt/, socket /ˈsɑkɪt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: neutral /ˈnuː.tɹəl/, terminal /ˈtɚmɪnəl/, electrical /ɪˈlɛktɹɪkəl/, mechanical /məˈkænəkəl/, pole /pəʊl/
- s + consoante no início — sem um “i” antes: slight /slaɪt/, stripe /stɹaɪp/, stairwell /ˈstɛɹwɛl/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como neutral, electricity, circuit.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.