Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: White Blood Cells (WBCs) - Your body’s Defense - Hematology
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It's Medicosis Perfectionalis here.
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We are done with anemia.
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We are going to discuss leukemia.
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In the previous video we have talked about the complete blood count.
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Today let's talk about the white blood cells in an introduction to leukemia and lymphoma.
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Coming up Medicosis Perfectionalis.
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But first what is the function of your white blood cell it's the military it defends your body against foreign invaders
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if they went nuts and starting attacking your own body this is an autoimmune disease
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if they went nuts
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and started dividing repeatedly excessively in a crazy way this is called cancer such as leukemia
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or lymphoma here are your white blood cells you have neutrophil
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which is neutral basophil with basophilic granules eosinophil with eosinophilic granules
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we call all of these together granulocytes here we have the agranulocytes no granules magnet shaped magnet horse show monocyte.
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This is your lymphocyte with very little REM of the cytoplasm left.
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You cannot differentiate between B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes on the peripheral smear.
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It's impossible.
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That's why we need something called flow cytometry as we will discuss later.
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If you are learning about any topic for the first time, what's the first question?
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What's the definition of white blood cells they are cells oh really okay that's
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that was nice spoiler alert they are blood cells
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that are part of the immune system
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that defends your body against foreign invaders that's fine they are nucleated unlike red blood cells
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which were anucleated unlike platelets which are not even cells.
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Platelets are just fragments of the cytoplasm of their parent called megakaryocyte.
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White blood cells are derived from stem cells called multipotent stem cells.
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This is their type.
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These multipotent hematopoietic stem cells will give you the myeloid lineage and the lymphoid lineage.
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Myeloid include the red blood cells, the platelets, and some white blood cells,
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such as neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and the monocyte.
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And the lymphoid include the B lymphocyte and the T lymphocyte.
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See, no distinction by the naked eye using microscopy, that's why we need flow cytometry.
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Okay, these are the granulocytes, these are the non-granulocytes.
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Now, if you understand this slide, you will surf through the sea of leukemia and lymphoma seamlessly, so please pay attention.
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Lococytes, loco means white, site means cells, some people write it with a k some use a c
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i don't care okay loco sites where can you find white blood cells you can find them in the blood
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and in the lymph what is the blood
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and what's the lymph that's easy they are part of your
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circulatory system the blood system is a closed system it starts in the heart
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and it ends in the heart
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so let's do it from the right side of the heart
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comes deoxygenated blood to the lung the lung oxygenates this blood using oxygen
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that you breathe
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and returns nice red oxygenated blood to your left side of
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the heart pump it through the aorta to the rest of your body
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and then the rest of your body uses blood uses oxygen
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and produces co2 goes to the superior
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and inferior vena cava to the right side of your heart
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will come back home starts in the heart ends in the
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heart closed system that's the blood how about the lymphatic system it's not a closed system
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which means they start at the capillary interface as your blood is getting filtered through these capillaries,
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the cells will stay behind and the plasma will diffuse.
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When the plasma tries to come back, some of them, or let's say the huge bulk,
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goes through the vein or the venule and a minority of this plasma gets filtered into the lymphatic system.
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The lymphatic system, again, same reason, they fight infection, and they fight foreigners.
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But they have military bases where there are a lot of
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the army a lot of the navy a lot of the
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soldiers there to fight infection these are called lymph nodes that's fine
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so if you have abnormal white blood cells in your blood this is leukemia
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abnormal red blood cells in your lymph nodes this is lymphoma
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period end of issue okay now where is the factory
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that produces your blood it's called the bone marrow that's why leukemia will be in the bone marrow
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and in the blood smear so how to diagnose it again get a peripheral smear and get a bone marrow biopsy
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How to diagnose lymphoma?
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You need a lymph node biopsy.
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We are done.
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Okay, if you understand this you get the whole concept.
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Clearly, it's an oversimplification But I'd like you to get a grasp of the basis
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because some students go mad without knowing the basis.
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Oh, but I'm confused.
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What's the difference between acute lymphocytic leukemia and non-Burkitt's lymphoma?
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Hey, honey calm down understand the basics first.
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Goodness gracious.
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leukemia in the bone marrow and in the bloodstream, lymphoma in the lymph node.
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Okay, fine.
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Now, let's take a blood sample and do centrifugation.
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Okay, red blood cells are the heaviest, the highest density, so they go to the bottom.
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Okay, if you remember anything about physics.
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RBCs are 45% of the whole blood.
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Okay, that's why your hematocrit was 45%.
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55% hello
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Okay, the plasma is Lighter less density it goes to the top
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55% now there is a very teeny tiny tiny less than
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1% here called the Buffy coat It contains both the white blood cells and the platelets.
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Okay, that's why we called white blood cell white blood cells because they appear white, okay here.
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Now sometimes this layer appears green.
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Why?
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What are the most numerous white blood cells?
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The neutrophils.
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What does they have in them?
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The myeloperoxidase enzyme.
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Oh, that's why they're green, okay.
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Talked about the CBC in the previous video we want to know the white blood cells, the platelets, and the red blood cells.
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If you order a peripheral blood smear, you use a stain called Romanowski or write Gemsah stain.
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You may need special stains for some stuff, but this is the general rule.
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Okay, so as you know, the white blood cells constitutes less than one percent of the total blood cell population.
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Oh, so why do we care?
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Because they are part of your immune system, dummy.
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That's why.
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The normal white blood cell counts between 4,000 and 11,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood.
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Now, on the other hand, RBCs are fortified millions, not thousands.
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That's how numerous red blood cells are.
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less than 4 000 and you have a condition called leukopenia white penia means few or a deficiency
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more than 11 000 you have leukocytosis classification of the red
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blood cell as you know depending on the selenium you have myeloid
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or lymphoid according to the structures you have granulocytes or agranulocytes granulocytes include neutrophils with their neutral granules
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eosinophils with their eosinophilic granules basophils with their basophilic granules agranulocytes anything else such as monocytes
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and lymphocytes now there is a condition called agranulocytosis okay now
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students get confused what do you mean by agranulocytosis do you mean that the agranulocytes
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are increased or that the granulocytes are non-existent like is the a here negative
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which means a granulocytes
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or is it a negative means there are no granulocytes okay
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indeed a granulocytes means less granulocytes in your blood don't be
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confused granulocytes okay neutrophils basophils is in a fills are a absent or decreased in your blood.
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Basically, a granulocytosis is just neutropenia.
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Okay, that's it.
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Okay, we're done.
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A quick introduction about the white blood cells.
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In the next video, we will discuss...
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This was a quick discussion on white blood cells.
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In the next video, we'll discuss lymphocytes.
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Until next time, be safe, stay happy, and study hard.
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Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này
Bài luyện nói trình độ C1 này dựa trên video “White Blood Cells (WBCs) - Your body’s Defense - Hematology”. Những từ được nhắc lại nhiều nhất trong bài: blood, cell, granulocytes, leukemia, lymphocyte. Video này có 121 câu và 1294 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 10:19. Người nói giữ tốc độ đều, khoảng 125 từ mỗi phút, vừa sức để nói đuổi theo. Chỉ 78% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất, nên từ vựng khá khó.
Từ vựng quan trọng trong video
15 từ khó nhất trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:
| Từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa |
|---|---|---|
| leukemia danh từ | /luːˈkiːmi.ə/ | lơ xê mi, bệnh bạch cầu |
| lymph danh từ | /lɪmf/ | bạch huyết |
| platelet danh từ | /ˈpleɪt.lət/ | tiểu cầu |
| marrow danh từ | /ˈmæɹəʊ/ | tủy xương |
| node danh từ | /noʊd/ | gióng |
| plasma danh từ | /ˈplæzmə/ | điện tương, plat-ma |
| stain danh từ | /steɪn/ | tật, vết |
| biopsy danh từ | /ˈbaɪɑpsi/ | sinh thiết |
| capillary danh từ | /ˈkæpəˌlɛri/ | mao mạch |
| diagnose động từ | /ˈdaɪ.əɡˌnoʊs/ | chẩn đoán |
| invader danh từ | /ɪnˈveɪ.də(ɹ)/ | kẻ xâm lược |
| locomotive danh từ | /ˌloʊkəˈmoʊtɪv/ | đầu máy |
| magnet danh từ | /ˈmæɡ.nɪt/ | nam châm |
| anemia danh từ | /əˈnimi.ə/ | thiếu máu |
| bloodstream danh từ | /ˈblʌd.stɹɪim/ | dòng máu |
Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe
| Từ | Nghĩa |
|---|---|
| come back động từ | trở lại, trở về |
Phát âm cần chú ý
Người nói dùng 7 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ don't, I'd, I'm. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.
- Âm “sh” và “zh”: gracious /ˈɡɹeɪʃəs/, differentiate /dɪf.əˈɹɛn.ʃi.eɪt/, deficiency /dɪˈfɪʃənsi/
- Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: granulocyte /ˈɡɹan.jə.ləʊˌsaɪt/, leukemia /luːˈkiːmi.ə/, eosinophil /i.əˈsɪnəˌfɪl/, peripheral /pəˈɹɪf(ə)ɹ(ə)l/, capillary /ˈkæpəˌlɛri/
Những âm người Việt thường gặp khó:
- Cụm phụ âm cuối — đọc đủ từng âm, đừng nuốt âm cuối: lymph /lɪmf/, existent /ɪɡˈzɪst(ə)nt/, fragment /ˈfɹæɡmənt/, grasp /ɡɹæsp/
- Âm /tʃ/, /dʒ/ và /ʒ/ — tiếng Việt không có, đừng đọc thành “ch” hay “gi”: lineage /ˈlɪn.i.ɪd͡ʒ/, oxygenate /ˈɒksɪdʒəneɪt/, deoxygenate /diˈɒksɪdʒɪneɪt/
- Âm /æ/ — mở miệng rộng hơn âm “e”: granule /ˈɡɹæn.jul/, marrow /ˈmæɹəʊ/, plasma /ˈplæzmə/, lymphatic /lɪmˈfæ.tɪk/, capillary /ˈkæpəˌlɛri/
Cách luyện với video này
- Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
- Nói đuổi từng câu ở tốc độ bình thường, lặp lại mỗi câu đến khi nhịp của bạn khớp với người nói.
- Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như leukemia, lymph, platelet.
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.