跟讀練習: International Trade Explained - 通過影片學習英語口語
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50 句
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1
Every day, a network of ships, trucks and planes move massive quantities of goods around the world.
2
Your car might come from South Korea, and your T-shirt from Bangladesh.
3
All countries export, sell products and services abroad and import buy goods and services from foreign trading partners.
4
These goods are manufactured items or agricultural commodities. Services, a dynamic and growing part of trade, refer to all intangible goods such as advertising and telecommunication.
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But the trade network is more complex than sellers and buyers.
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The system of worldwide trade is an intricate web in which lengthy supply chains allow products to be sourced, assembled, packaged and sold in different parts of the world.
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The materials for your phone or shoes or the tuna fish you had for lunch might have been produced in one country, processed in another country, assembled in a third country and packaged somewhere else.
8
All before getting to your local store, how does this make sense?
9
Why can't countries just make their own phones, shoes or tuna fish and provide more jobs in business domestically?
10
Before the 19th century, most European countries tried to do just that prioritizing self-sufficiency in a system called mercantilism.
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Mercantilism aimed to maximize exports, minimize imports, and increase the country's supply of gold.
12
This system led to strict tariffs, or taxes on imports, as a way to not only discourage bringing in goods from abroad, but profit off it.
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Mercantilism created barriers to international trade.
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Countries aim to produce as much as possible on their own, including things they weren't able to make efficiently.
15
In the late 18th century, so-called classical economists refuted these long held beliefs, championing the idea that societies should trade with one another to be more successful because of comparative advantage.
16
The idea that when countries focus on making things, they're comparatively good at an import, the rest everyone benefits.
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This is known as specialization, and when countries don't have to spend time and resources producing textiles or wine, for example, there's more room for them to innovate and create entirely new products.
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These classical economists argued that it was counterproductive to judge a country's power on how much gold it could amass.
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Today, we measure countries in economies on productivity their ability to utilize their limited resources for maximum value.
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This metric is known as Gross Domestic Product, which totals the sum of all the final goods and services a country produces in a year.
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Each country's human, physical, technological and financial resources determine what that country can produce efficiently and successfully.
22
Costa Rica excels at exporting pineapples and coffee, while Germany exports millions of cars and computers. With the acceptance of these new ideas.
23
International trade took off.
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Measuring GDP instead of just gold helped boost trade and grow economies.
25
At the same time, advances in technology and travel made remote markets much more accessible.
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Massive container ships, cargo planes and cheap, instantaneous communication connected the world's producers with millions of new customers.
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And after World War Two, the newly formed United Nations created the General Agreement on Tariffs and trade, or get this agreement, substantially lowered trade barriers like tariffs and created rules to dictate how countries should trade freely.
28
The GATT became the World Trade Organization in 1995 and tried to eliminate even more obstacles to keep up with the changing world.
29
The WTO expanded the definition of trade to include not just goods but services, and to create rules governing intellectual property such as copyright or a patent.
30
The WTO is also an arena for countries to hammer out the rules and regulations of international trade and lodge complaints if they believe those rules aren't followed.
31
According to the principle of comparative advantage, if one country can't sell a high quality product at a reasonable price point or new technology, make the business uncompetitive, It will not succeed.
32
Its stores or factories might be forced to close and jobs will be lost.
33
That country must then adjust its economy around something it can be comparatively good at.
34
This is the nature of international trade.
35
However, some countries and industries are accused of skirting the rules of international trade, and that's where the WTO tries to come in.
36
For example, in the United States, labor unions argue the WTO doesn't adequately protect U.S.
37
wages from being undercut by unfair trade practices in China.
38
And some developing countries say the WTO rules don't take into consideration their unique circumstances.
39
For example, agricultural subsidies provided by wealthy governments make it hard for sellers from smaller or poorer countries to reasonably export their crops to those countries.
40
The WTO has failed to solve these problems.
41
They are especially hard to address because changes to the rules require consensus among the WTO's 164 member countries.
42
Some countries forge bilateral and regional trade agreements to address their particular needs and trade strategies.
43
In 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement, known as NAFTA, was designed to facilitate more trade among the United States, Mexico and Canada.
44
NAFTA provided a blueprint for similar types of agreements between other countries.
45
From just 1990 to 2015, world trade volume increased more than fivefold from 3.5 trillion to 19 trillion.
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International trade has created a tightly interconnected world economy that's given more people than ever access to cheaper and better goods and services.
47
It's created millions of jobs and strengthened international connections leading to global stability.
48
At the same time, trade can hurt those individuals, companies and communities where imports make it impossible for local firms to compete against better or cheaper goods from somewhere else.
49
Trade will inevitably create winners and losers, but it is inseparable from modern life.
50
The challenge, then, for policymakers is to assist those who have been disadvantaged with support and the training for new jobs so everyone can continue to benefit from the system that is given more choices to consumers and more work for producers in every corner of the world.
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本課的詞彙與口語要點
這節 C1 級別的口語課以影片“International Trade Explained”為素材。 影片中反覆出現的詞有：trade, countries, rules, Wto, import。 這段影片共有 50 個句子、993 個單詞可供跟讀。 講話部分時長為 6:31。 說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 152 個詞，接近日常對話。 只有 80% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。
影片中的重點詞彙
影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| mercantilism 名詞 | /ˈmɝkəntɪlɪzəm/ | 重商主義 /重商主義 |
| tariff 名詞 | /ˈtæɹəf/ | 關稅 /關稅 |
| tuna 名詞 | /ˈtjuː.nə/ | 金槍魚 /金槍魚 |
| assemble 動詞 | /əˈsɛm.bəl/ | 收集, 組合 /組合 |
| economist 名詞 | /iˈkɑ.nə.mɪst/ | 經濟學家 /經濟學家 |
| seller 名詞 | /ˈsɛlɚ/ | 賣方 /賣方, 賣主 /賣主 |
| blueprint 名詞 | /ˈbluːˌpɹɪnt/ | 藍圖 /藍圖 |
| counterproductive 形容詞 | /ˌkaʊntəpɹəˈdʌktɪv/ | 適得其反 /適得其反, 反效果的 |
| innovate 動詞 | /ˈɪn.ə.veɪt/ | 創新 /創新 |
| intangible 形容詞 | /ɪnˈtæn.d͡ʒə.bəl/ | 無形的 /無形的 |
| policymaker 名詞 | 決策人 /決策人, 決策者 /決策者 | |
| prioritize 動詞 | /pɹaɪˈɒɹ.ə.taɪz/ | 優先考慮 /優先考慮 |
| refute 動詞 | /ɹɪˈfjuːt/ | 反駁 /反駁 |
| sufficiency 名詞 | 充分, 充足 | |
| telecommunication 名詞 | /ˌtɛləkəˌmjunɪˈkeɪʃən/ | 電訊 /電訊, 電信 /電信 |
影片中出現的短語動詞
| 單詞 | 釋義 |
|---|---|
| take off 動詞 | 脫 /脫 |
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | are manufactured · be sourced · have been produced |
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | has failed · has created · have been disadvantaged |
需要注意的發音
說話人用了 8 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 can't, don't, aren't。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: specialization [ˌspɛʃəlaɪ̯ˈzeɪ̯ʃn̩], telecommunication /ˌtɛləkəˌmjunɪˈkeɪʃən/
- 長單詞——注意重音位置: mercantilism /ˈmɝkəntɪlɪzəm/, comparatively /kəmˈpæɹ.ə.tɪvli/, comparative /kəmˈpæɹətɪv/, economist /iˈkɑ.nə.mɪst/, counterproductive /ˌkaʊntəpɹəˈdʌktɪv/
中文母語者容易讀錯的音：
- /v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: comparatively /kəmˈpæɹ.ə.tɪvli/, comparative /kəmˈpæɹətɪv/, counterproductive /ˌkaʊntəpɹəˈdʌktɪv/, innovate /ˈɪn.ə.veɪt/, govern /ˈɡʌv.ən/
- 詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: tariff /ˈtæɹəf/, comparative /kəmˈpæɹətɪv/, economist /iˈkɑ.nə.mɪst/, blueprint /ˈbluːˌpɹɪnt/, counterproductive /ˌkaʊntəpɹəˈdʌktɪv/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: comparatively /kəmˈpæɹ.ə.tɪvli/, blueprint /ˈbluːˌpɹɪnt/, inseparable /inˈsɛ.p(ə).ɹə.bl/, bilateral /baɪˈlætəɹəl/, reasonably /ˈɹiː.zən.ə.bli/
如何用這段影片練習
- 先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
- 錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 mercantilism, tariff, tuna 這類單詞。
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。