跟读练习: Essentials: How Smells Influence Our Hormones, Health & Behavior | Dr. Noam Sobel - 通过视频学习英语口语
选择练习模式
每种模式都会打开全屏练习室。
471 句
如果句子过短或过长，请点击 Edit 进行调整。
1
Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and actionable science -based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
2
I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.
3
And now for my discussion with Dr. Noam Sobel.
4
Dr. Sobel, Noam, welcome.
5
Thank you.
6
I must say, I am extremely excited for this conversation.
7
I've been a huge fan of your work.
8
And today I'd love for you to share with us all about the amazing landscape of chemo sensation,
9
in particular olfaction or sense of smell and some related perceptual abilities or subconscious abilities, including pheromones, et cetera.
10
To get everybody on the same page, I'd like to just start off by asking, what are the major components of our ability to smell?
11
Obviously, where I like to think it involves the nose at some level.
12
It does.
13
If you could just give us the top contour or even deep contour, if you like, of the parts list and the various roles they play.
14
Primary olfaction is referred to as orthonasal olfaction.
15
That is, through our nose, we sniff and sniffing is a big thing.
16
Well, I have a sense we might talk about that a lot today in all sorts of contexts.
17
So we sniff in through our nose.
18
And to answer your general question of the organization of the system.
19
So molecules, airborne molecules travel up our nose, a distance in the human of about six or seven centimeters to about here,
20
where they interact with, I will use the word sheet of receptors, but sheet is a bit misleading here.
21
It's not a sheet, it's very convoluted.
22
We have about seven million such receptors lining a structure known as the the olfactory epithelium.
23
This is the sensory surface of the olfactory system, the olfactory epithelium.
24
Again, probably about six or seven million receptors in the human.
25
In the human, probably of about 350 different kinds.
26
So that's amazing.
27
That means a meaningful percentage of your genome is devoted just to this, just to the kinds of olfactory receptor subtypes you have in your nose.
28
So odorants interact with these receptors here in our epithelium, where they undergo what is referred to as transduction,
29
that is the odorants are docked at a receptor and turn into a neural signal.
30
And this neural signal, in fact, action potentials, not gradient potentials of any kind,
31
propagates via the olfactory nerve through the thinnest part of our skull, which is perforated.
32
It has a lot of holes.
33
The nerve goes through those holes and synapses at the first target in the brain, which is the olfactory bulb.
34
The pattern of that synapsing follows what's referred to as the most extreme case of convergence in the mammalian nervous system.
35
More specifically, what happens is that all the receptors of one subtype converge to one location in the bulb.
36
And this location is referred to as a glomerulus or an implore glomeruli.
37
And that may be a slight oversimplification.
38
It's In fact, two glomeruli.
39
The next view of how things work is
40
that every such receptor subtype is responsive to a small subset of different molecular shapes, what's sometimes referred to as ototopes,
41
the molecular aspects of the odorant.
42
And each ototope will activate a different subset of receptors.
43
Then because of this convergence, you end up having on the bulb in a way a map reflecting receptor identity.
44
So let's say this coffee activates receptors of type 1, 3, and 7.
45
So the glomeruli of receptors 1, 3, and 7 will light up, quote unquote, when I smell the coffee.
46
And if you can take a snapshot of that, theoretically, you would have the map of coffee.
47
This is sort of the textbook view of how the system works.
48
And then information goes from the bulb to several targets in the brain.
49
I mean, what is referred to as primary olfactory cortex is piriform cortex and enthrinal cortex.
50
This is on the ventral surface of the brain, the lower portion of our temporal lobe.
51
And information goes there directly, but it also goes directly to the amygdala.
52
It probably goes directly to the hypothalamus.
53
It may go directly to the cerebellum.
54
It goes all over the brain.
55
So information projects widely from there.
56
And as far as people understand, the map that may exist on the bulb doesn't exist in the rest of the brain
57
and the understanding of how coding occurs in the rest of the brain is murky.
58
Again, in our lab, we already said, you know, yeah, we know this.
59
This is all news.
60
But to people who come from different worlds, we have to reiterate this.
61
Sometimes when I give public lectures to non -olfaction audiences, I reiterate this.
62
Humans have an utterly remarkable sense of smell.
63
We look at human behavior a lot
64
we try to look at it through our nose in the way we look at what people are doing.
65
You know, we try to think, you know, if I was a dog, what would I think of this?
66
And, you know, if you look at dogs, right, they've.. you know, when they interact, they visibly sniff each other.
67
It's very obvious.
68
They walk up to each other and they sniff each other.
69
And yet humans don't typically walk up to a stranger and carefully sniff them, right?
70
I mean, we're sort of obliged to sniff our babies.
71
That's considered almost something you're supposed to do.
72
And it's not culturally taboo to sniff our loved ones.
73
It sort of doesn't seem like an odd thing to do, but we don't sniff strangers, right well or do we so we're finding more
74
and more mechanisms where we do this
75
and the one I'm referring to now for one example is we started looking at handshaking
76
there's really poor understanding of how this behavior evolved like where did where did this thing come from you know
77
if you look for the wikipedia version right then they'll tell you
78
that it's to show that you're not holding a weapon in your hand
79
but there's really no good evidence for that and we started looking at people handshaking and we noticed,
80
or it seemed to us that we're noticing that people will shake hands and then go like this.
81
For those of you listening, not watching, Noam is taking his hand and wiping it on his face.
82
Grabbing his nose or touching the side of his cheek.
83
Yeah, these things that we do all the time.
84
After a handshake.
85
Well, so first of all, we do them all the time, just period, right?
86
The baseline here is really high and we'll get to that in a second.
87
But these behaviors that you could easily not notice, right?
88
And so we asked whether that's a real thing.
89
And this was a study led by Don Frumine in our lab at the time.
90
So what we did is we brought in participants to our lab and we sat them in the room,
91
experiment room, and told them the experiment would start soon and they should wait for us there.
92
They didn't know what they were coming from.
93
Unbeknownst to them, they were already being videoed and they would sit there for three minutes.
94
And during those three minutes, we could later quantify how much indeed they just by baseline,
95
how much they touch their nose or their forehead or their chin or how many times their hand reaches their face.
96
And by the way, that baseline is not low.
97
And then three minutes later, an experimenter would walk into the room and would share a consistent text.
98
It would be, you know, we're still setting up our equipment in the other room.
99
And so just wait here and we'll be right back with you.
100
But in the meantime, just wait here.
101
and in half of the cases, it included a handshake.
102
This was a new experimenter, not the one who put them in the room.
103
So that's the first time they met.
104
So it'd be a low, I'm, you know, so -and -so, they would put out their hand and shake their hand or not.
105
And so you had handshake and no handshake conditions.
106
And then you can quantify that behavior of the hand going to the nose after handshake.
107
And there was a remarkable increase in the hand going to the nose after handshake.
108
It's unreal. So interesting.
109
So the hand goes to the nose.
110
Now we did a few controls here.
111
to verify that this is an olfactory behavior.
112
One is unbeknownst again to participants, we measured nasal airflow and people not only bring their hand to their nose, they sniff it.
113
So, and this is perfectly timed.
114
They go like this.
115
Okay.
116
So they're sniffing their hands.
117
So this was an olfactory behavior, no doubt about it.
118
I mean, we're quite confident.
119
And there's an interesting thing going on here too, because people didn't only smell the hand that shook, They also smell the other hand.
120
And we think that there's something going on here comparing self to other.
121
And we think a lot of self -sampling might reflect that.
122
I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, Element.
123
Element is an electrolyte drink that has everything you need and nothing you don't.
124
That means the electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium in the correct amounts, but no sugar.
125
Proper hydration is critical for optimal brain and body function.
126
Even a slight degree of dehydration can diminish cognitive and physical performance.
127
It's also important that you get adequate electrolytes.
128
The electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium, are vital for functioning of all the cells in your body, especially your neurons or your nerve cells.
129
Drinking Element dissolved in water makes it very easy to ensure that you're getting adequate hydration and adequate electrolytes.
130
To make sure that I'm getting proper amounts of hydration and electrolytes,
131
I dissolve one packet of Element in about 16 to 32 ounces of water when I first wake up in the morning,
132
and I drink that basically first thing in the morning.
133
I'll also drink
134
Element dissolved in water during any kind of physical exercise that I'm doing,
135
especially on hot days when I'm sweating a lot and losing water and electrolytes.
136
Element has a bunch of great tasting flavors.
137
I love the raspberry, I love the citrus flavor.
138
Right now, Element has a limited edition lemonade flavor that is absolutely delicious.
139
I hate to say that I love one more than all the others, but this lemonade flavor is right up there with my favorite other one,
140
which is raspberry or watermelon.
141
Again, I can't pick just one flavor, I love them all.
142
If you'd like to try
143
Element, you can go to drinkelement .com slash Huberman, spelled drinklmnt .com slash Huberman, to claim a free
144
Element sample pack with a purchase of any
145
Element drink mix.
146
Again, that's drinkelement .com slash Huberman to claim a free sample pack.
147
There's a study we published by Einbal Rav Rebbe in our
148
lab where Einbal came with this basic interest in this phenomenon that's loosely referred to as click friendships.
149
So people you meet and you click right away.
150
Everybody experienced this in their life, you know, to some extent.
151
And the question is, what was there, right?
152
What was it?
153
Was it because you looked the same?
154
Could be, was it because you had the same sports team that you liked?
155
Or is there something deeper here?
156
And Baal's theory was that a similarity in body odor may contribute to this.
157
That people who smell the same will click in some way.
158
And so to address that, she actually recruited click friends from all over Israel.
159
She posted all over social media to identify pairs of friends.
160
And so these are same -sex, non -romantic dyads.
161
So these are friends, men and women, whose friendship started as a clique.
162
And then she sampled their body odor.
163
And we have a protocol for this.
164
So they're given, you know, odorless shampoo and soap to use for three weeks or something.
165
And then they sleep two nights in this T -shirt where they have to sleep alone.
166
And then we extract the body odor from the T -shirt.
167
And so we have a way to extract, a method to extract body odor.
168
And then she first asked whether indeed click friends are more similar in their body order than you would expect by chance.
169
And she first tested this with a device, a machine we call an electronic nose.
170
So an electronic nose is sort of a very poor effort to mimic what the mammalian nose does.
171
Basically, it's a bunch of sensors that respond to airborne molecules.
172
In this case, sensors referred to as moxers, as metal oxide covered sensors.
173
And so she used an electronic nose to sample these body orders.
174
And she found that click friends are indeed more similar to each other than you would expect by chance by random dyads.
175
And this was a significant difference.
176
And after she found that a device could do this, she had other participants do this.
177
So she had people smelling the click friends versus non -click friends.
178
And they judged them as being more similar to each other than not.
179
Now, again, you might wonder, is this causal or not, right?
180
Because maybe click friends go to the same restaurant together all the time or whatever, live in the same neighborhood,
181
and that's why they smell the same.
182
So to address causality, she recruited total strangers
183
and first smelled them with the electronic nose and then engaged them in a social interaction, something called the mirror game.
184
So in the mirror game, one person moves their hands and the other person is really close to them,
185
like right here, so they can smell each other and has to move their hands with the other person.
186
And one prediction there panned out, but another didn't.
187
The one that didn't, so she predicted
188
that people who would smell more similar to each other would be better at the mirror game.
189
That is, they would follow each other better.
190
That did not pan out.
191
However, she then also had, the interaction was completely nonverbal.
192
They were not allowed to speak with each other and she did an entire round robin.
193
So everybody played with everybody else.
194
This was an insane experiment to run.
195
She then, at the end of the experiment,
196
each person rated each other person as to how much they think they would want to be their friends
197
and also on a bunch of ratings, how nice they think they are, how affectionate they think, a bunch of ratings, okay?
198
All of this was predicted by the electronic news.
199
So people who smell more similar to each other think that the other person is more likely to be their friend,
200
is more likely to be a nice person, et cetera, et cetera.
201
So we could actually predict friendship using the electronic nose.
202
So this is not a result of friendship.
203
It plays into the causal elements of building friendship.
204
People are constantly smelling themselves, constantly smelling others.
205
I want to touch on some other so -called pheromone effects,
206
whether or not it's a classic pheromone effect or whether or not it's olfaction or something else.
207
This is chemosensory signaling between individuals.
208
It all becomes semantics.
209
Yeah, sort of like nerdy inside ball.
210
It's all semantics.
211
So in our publications, we don't use the term pheromone, because it would not help me and it would probably only hurt us.
212
And so we talk about chemo signals, and humans definitely emit chemo signals from their body.
213
And these chemo signals influence other humans and influence their behavior.
214
The flavor of the month for the past 10 years in this field is what's referred to as the smell of fear.
215
Humans emit a particular body odor when they're in a state of fear, and this body order influences other humans,
216
in effect, increasing their autonomic arousal, their sympathetic state.
217
So in effect, you could say that fear is contagious a bit.
218
So the smell of fear is contagious.
219
By the way, Culturally, we know for ages that dogs can smell fear in humans,
220
but actually that was only really shown about a year and a half ago in a study.
221
So it was always said, but it wasn't really shown effectively.
222
It was shown about a year and a half ago in a study that dogs indeed can smell human fear.
223
And humans can smell human fear.
224
So several labs starting from Denise Chen and Haviland Jones, and then in our lab and in other labs,
225
if you collect body odor from people in a state of fear,
226
and collect body odor from the same people when they're not in a state of fear,
227
other people can determine which is the state of fear or not, and this influences their behavior.
228
And they just highlight again, you know, that we're incredibly olfactory animals.
229
We had a guest on this podcast who I'm sure you're familiar with, Charles Zucker.
230
Yeah.
231
A professor at Columbia has done incredible work in vision and olfaction and thirst sensing.
232
And I talked a little bit about this, that there's something in the breath of romantic partners that's hopefully appetitive, not aversive.
233
As well as in children, he was talking about the smell of his grandchild, the back of their neck,
234
and how he misses that smell because when he thinks about missing his grandchild or children, it's that smell that's associated with that feeling.
235
Hexadecanal.
236
Hexadecanal?
237
Yes.
238
This is a study ran by Eva Michore, who was a graduate student in our lab.
239
Eva was interested in aggression.
240
And so when she started off, we said, okay, let's do chemo signaling of aggression.
241
She actually was going to like MMA clubs and collecting body odors.
242
And we had all sorts of ideas going.
243
And she worked on that for quite a bit.
244
It never went anywhere, really.
245
At the same time, Heinz Breer, he was studying in his lab a molecule,
246
hexadecanal, that was a chemosignal in mice that promotes social buffering.
247
So when lots of mice are together, they feel good about being in a group, and that's social buffering.
248
And it's promoted by hexadecanal, which they emit in their feces.
249
So Breer and his colleague, Storzman, they discovered the receptor for this, and then they went and discovered that the receptor is very highly conserved
250
throughout mammalian evolution and therefore they hypothesized that maybe this is a universal mammalian signal.
251
Now, which is unusual because in chemo signaling, typically you tend to think of things as being very species specific.
252
So he approached us and said, look, you got to study this stuff in humans, right?
253
Because he knows us as the human people, right?
254
I mean, we go to these olfaction conferences where lots of people study mice and zebrafish and whatnot, and we're the human group.
255
And eventually he just FedExed us hexadecanal.
256
And Eva was not going anywhere with her aggression studies with sweat from human participants.
257
And yet she built the entire paradigm to study human aggression.
258
So they're standard paradigms.
259
This is a paradigm known as the TAP, the Tyler aggression paradigm.
260
And what's nice about this is that it then allows you to quantify aggression.
261
And so you have a measure of aggression.
262
Again, the Tyler aggression paradigm, obviously invented by Tyler, very well validated, studied all over, you know, a very standard protocol.
263
So we brought in participants and had them play the Tyler,
264
the tap, either under exposure to hexadecanal or control.
265
And I'll first tell you the result with men, which is that hexadecanal consistently reduced aggression.
266
People were less aggressive under hexadecanal.
267
The effect size was quite meaningful compared to the effects seen in the aggression world in research.
268
Really, really strong effects, so unusually strong.
269
So hexadecanal lowered aggression in men, and we were like, cool, this is sort of what we were hoping to see,
270
consistent with the hypothesis and consistent with what it seems to do in mice.
271
But then we looked at data from women, and hexadecanal increased aggression equally significantly.
272
Is this thought to be something related to maternal protectiveness?
273
We're getting there.
274
So she went and did the entire experiment again.
275
And this time she did it within the fMRI magnet so that we can also track brain activity while this was happening.
276
And first of all, it replicated again.
277
So once again, hexadecanal made men less aggressive and women more aggressive.
278
And yet I was telling you, Eva, you know, but this makes no sense to me.
279
And then her insight, which of course afterwards is like, duh, is no, there's a place where this makes perfect sense.
280
And that is if you're a mammalian offspring, because paternal aggression is often directed at you.
281
There's infanticide all over.
282
And sadly, there's male aggression towards human children as well.
283
And maternal aggression is often protective.
284
So if you're an offspring, if you have a molecule that will make your mother more aggressive and your daddy less aggressive,
285
both of those are good for you.
286
So you're winning.
287
So the bottom line of all this is that hexadecanal is the most abundant semi -volatile in baby hits.
288
It's tons of it coming out of baby hits.
289
Babies are conducting chemical warfare, right?
290
They're reducing aggression in their fathers or males around them and increasing aggression in their mothers or females around them.
291
And both of those things are good for them.
292
I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor, AG1.
293
I'm excited to share that AG1 has just launched their newest formulation, AG1 Pro.
294
AG1 Pro takes the clinically backed AG1 formula, which is a blend of vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and adaptogens, and adds three important new ingredients,
295
creatine monohydrate, calcium HMB, and zinc carnosine.
296
Each serving has five grams of creatine monohydrate to support muscle strength and performance, as well as brain health.
297
Calcium HMB to support muscle recovery and reduce muscle breakdown, and zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of your gut.
298
All three of these ingredients have compelling science to support them, and therefore I love seeing them added to the existing AG1 formula.
299
As most of you know, I've been taking AG1 every day for nearly 14 years now.
300
I started taking it long before I even knew what a podcast was.
301
It's a great product and it's now made even better with the new AG1 Pro formula.
302
If you would like to try AG1 Pro, you can go to drinkag1 .com slash Huberman to get a special offer.
303
AG1 is giving away a free bottle of omega -3 coenzyme Q10 with your first subscription.
304
Again, go to drinkag1 .com slash Huberman to get a free bottle of omega -3 coenzyme Q10 with your first AG1 subscription.
305
What is the relationship between odors and hormones and in particular, crying?
306
Tears are a bodily liquid,
307
emotional tears that we emit in emotional situations where these are situations where nonverbal communication is critical and key.
308
The most influential text, I think, till this day in emotion research is Darwin's book, The Showing of the Emotions in Man and Animals,
309
I think is the full name of the book.
310
and an entire chapter, chapter six, is devoted to tears.
311
So Darn systematically went through the expressions of emotions, and for each one went to their functional antecedent and explained everything very nicely.
312
And then he got stuck with tears, right?
313
Because tears are an obvious emotional expression, and he could not find a functional antecedent.
314
So he ended up saying, this is an epic phenomenon.
315
So we thought, well, maybe the function is a chemical signal.
316
So with that in mind, we harvested emotional tears.
317
So we collected tears and we exposed participants to these tears.
318
First of all, the tears are completely odorless.
319
You cannot detect them at all.
320
Completely odorless.
321
And yet, when you sniff them,
322
you have a pronounced reduction in testosterone within about 20 minutes, half an hour.
323
This is men and women smelling women's tears, but not perceiving any odor.
324
Nothing.
325
Just sniffing them.
326
And you have about a 14 % drop in free testosterone.
327
And people who study testosterone, which is not me, but they tell me this is a really strong effect.
328
Like it's hard to even pharmacologically get an effect like that that fast.
329
I mean, no one in pharmacology.
330
Yeah, years ago I spent time studying endocrine effects of this sort.
331
And that's a tremendously sized effect.
332
And so here I'll point out in passing
333
that one of the concerns we had
334
because of the effort to run this study is that nobody would ever try to replicate it.
335
And to our joy, about two years later, an independent group from South Korea, O et al., who I don't know at all,
336
replicated the testosterone effect to a T.
337
I mean, like same numbers.
338
So it lowers testosterone.
339
And we then also looked using MR at the effect on brain activity and saw pronounced effect on activity,
340
a dampening, a lowering of activity under an arousing state,
341
a lowering of activity, both in the hypothalamus and in the fusiform gyrus for whatever reason I don't know.
342
Face recognition area.
343
Amongst other things, yes.
344
And we don't know why, but pronounced.
345
So usually in our chemo signaling work, we look at what happens in ruins and we see if the same thing is happening in humans.
346
This was a rare case where after we did this work more or less identical effects were discovered in rodents.
347
So a paper published in Nature two years later found that mouse tears,
348
mouse pup tears, lower aggression in male adult mice towards them.
349
In a smell -dependent way.
350
Yeah, yeah.
351
And they also actually found the actual component in tears that, so the tear pheromone that lowers aggression, right?
352
So, you know, this has us thinking of tears, It's tears,
353
as you can think of tears as like a chemical blanket in a way that you're covering yourself up again with,
354
you know, to protect against aggression, right?
355
Smell being such a rich source of behavioral and hormonal and other sorts of deep, deep information.
356
What is your experience with generating smells in silico in computers?
357
And here, folks, for those of you that aren't catching on to this, and I don't expect that everyone would
358
because what we're really alluding to here is the idea
359
that you'll put into a search engine blueberry pancakes recipe and
360
that not only will you get photos of those blueberry pancakes and a recipe, but you will get the hopefully validated odor of those pancakes
361
and that recipe coming at you in real time through the computer
362
so google had an april fool's spoof oh right
363
and they put out this video of google smell okay and
364
and it had all these like classic like sales images of you know holding up your phone to a rose
365
and it generating rose and and and all these things right
366
so google is now trying to do that you know to digitize uh smell
367
and there are other companies that are trying to do this as well
368
And recently in our lab, we've had, and I hope this doesn't come across as overly arrogant,
369
but we've had a sort of mini breakthrough on this front.
370
To call something a mini breakthrough is far from arrogant.
371
And this is a paper led by Aaron Ravia from our lab and Kobe Snitz, also a major contributor there,
372
a paper published in Nature.
373
And in this paper,
374
we develop an algorithmic framework where we can predict the perceptual similarity of any two molecular mixtures with very,
375
very high accuracy.
376
So if you give me two molecular mixtures, I can predict how similar you will smell them to be.
377
Okay?
378
Not only could we predict that, but we could design it so we can generate mixtures with known similarities.
379
The result was highlighted, and you'll appreciate this coming from vision, is that using our algorithmic solution, we generated olfactory metameras.
380
So we measured mixtures completely non -overlapping in their molecular structure, but they smell exactly the same.
381
Now, if you would come to a classic perfumer
382
or most classic perfumers and tell them that you can generate two mixtures with zero molecules in common, but smell exactly the same,
383
they would tell you no. And yet we did and anybody can recreate them.
384
This is simple, actually.
385
And in the paper, we do a few things like we generate a metamera for
386
Chanel No. 5 with no component from Chanel No. 5 in it.
387
I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor, 8sleep.
388
8sleep makes smart mattress covers with cooling, heating, and sleep tracking capacity.
389
8sleep just launched the Pod 6, which is their most advanced sleep system.
390
The Pod 6 is half the size of their previous models.
391
It's 20 % faster with its cooling and heating, and it has nine times as many sensors for tracking your sleep.
392
The reason why 8sleep is so effective at improving your sleep quality
393
and duration is because it helps control your core body temperature.
394
And the reason for that is that in order to fall and stay deeply asleep,
395
your core body temperature has to drop by about 1 to 3 degrees.
396
And to wake up feeling completely refreshed and energized, you actually want your body temperature to be increasing in the final hours of your sleep.
397
Eight Sleep automatically regulates the temperature of your bed throughout the night
398
and is monitoring your sleep and dynamically adjusting the temperature of your sleep environment
399
so you get the maximum amount of deep sleep and rapid eye movement sleep.
400
I've been sleeping on an 8sleep mattress cover for nearly five years now, and with each new iteration of 8sleep,
401
it gets better and better at figuring out what my body needs in order to get the best possible night's sleep.
402
If you would like to try 8sleep, go to 8sleep .com slash Huberman to get up to $200 off their new Pod 6.
403
8sleep ships to many countries worldwide, including Mexico and the UAE.
404
Again, that's 8sleep .com slash Huberman to save up to $200.
405
In a way, we've generated the infrastructure for digitizing smell because...
406
Again, what our algorithm predicts, our framework predicts is similarity.
407
But in a way, that's enough for you.
408
Why is that enough?
409
We have a map of 4 ,000 molecules.
410
For each one, we know they're a perceived smell.
411
Now you can make up any mixture you want for me.
412
I can project it into that map and measure its pairwise distance from all the points in the map.
413
If it falls on lemon, then what you generated smells like lemon.
414
And if it falls on tomato, then what you generated smells like tomato.
415
So we now solve that problem.
416
We can predict the odor of any molecular mixture.
417
We can see how it's going to smell.
418
What we can do is then find a set of components, which we call odor primaries,
419
that can be used to mix any odor that you can perceive.
420
And that's what we're working on now.
421
So this is in collaboration with a lab of Jonathan Williams and Max Planck in Munich.
422
Jonathan Williams is an atmospheric chemist, but he's really good at using GCMS, these tools that measure molecules.
423
So Jonathan Williams measured odorants in Germany, transmitted the information to us over IP.
424
We fed that into our algorithmic framework and recreated it from a device that mixes primaries.
425
And we tried to do four different odorants in our proof of concept test.
426
One of them was rose, and we failed at recreating rose.
427
We, in fact, recreated something that had a precip, but most people perceived it as bubblegum.
428
The second one we tried to do was anise, and we failed at recreating anise.
429
And most people said it was cherry, which is not very far, but it failed.
430
The third was gasoline.
431
And we were slightly but significantly better than chance at recreating gasoline.
432
And the fourth was violets.
433
And 15 of 16 people said violets.
434
So the first odor ever transmitted over IP is violets.
435
Don't hold your breath for this to be on your table tomorrow.
436
All we have in hand is this very initial proof of concept.
437
But we're on the path.
438
And we're talking now of trying to achieve the olfactory equivalent of circa 1956 black and white TV,
439
okay, basically, right?
440
I mean, you know, I'm not dreaming, let's say, of being able to transmit to you the difference between a Cabernet or a Merlot, right?
441
But if I can generate something that's vaguely wine, that will be an amazing success from my perspective, right?
442
But jump ahead in your imagination to 4K odor transmission, then medical diagnostics is what you want to be talking about.
443
Because this is over extension, but you can almost say that every disease will have an odor.
444
I mean, every disease is a specific metabolic process.
445
Metabolic process have metabolites, metabolites have a smell, olfaction, once it's digitized, and high resolution,
446
which again, in our hands, it's not going to be.
447
I mean, we're talking, you know, in my retirement, maybe I'll read about this one day if I'll still have vision.
448
I mean, this is not close.
449
But when olfaction digitization is brought to the equivalent of 4K vision and audition that you have now,
450
then it will be in medical diagnosis.
451
Excuse me for the imagery, but you will have an electronic nose in your bathroom.
452
Each one of us will have in the toilet and it will be doing diagnostics all the time.
453
And, and that's, that's where it's going to go.
454
But again, not anywhere in the very close future.
455
Noam, I, I want to say thank you for your time today.
456
First of all, this was a tremendously interesting conversation.
457
I mean, We touched on so many things, hormones, smells, the architecture of the olfactory system.
458
I know that people listening to this are realizing, but I'm going to say it anyway, what an incredible gift you've given us.
459
Thank you.
460
As an expert in this field, giving us this tour of the work that you
461
and others who you credit so generously have done and the spirit that you bring to it.
462
Whatever drives that spirit, as the great late
463
Ben Barris used to say, keep going because we are all benefiting tremendously.
464
And I also just want to say that, you know, for people listening to this, that the spirit of science is one of,
465
as you mentioned, there's complex politics and all these things, but it's absolutely clear that you delight in the work you do.
466
And so I delight in it.
467
I'm grateful for it.
468
I'm grateful for your time today.
469
And so on behalf of me and the many, many people listening to this, I just want to extend a huge debt of gratitude.
470
Thank you so much.
471
Thank you so much for very warm words.
同频道
C11,317
Why Reading (Books) Makes Us Better at Speaking
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C157
Why Women Over 30 Should Consider Freezing Their Eggs
University StudentsWorking Adults
C13
Your Memories & Emotions Impact Immune Status
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B2Dr. Arthur Brooks: The 3 Macronutrients of True Happiness
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
How Foods & Nutrients Control Our Moods | Huberman Lab Essentials
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Food & Supplements for Brain Health & Cognitive Performance | Huberman Lab Essentials
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
The Science & Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | Huberman Lab Essentials
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C129
The Cure for Addiction
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
Essentials: Neuralink & Technologies to Enhance Human Brains | Dr. Matt MacDougall
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
Essentials: Science of Mindsets for Health & Performance | Dr. Alia Crum
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
Essentials: The Biology of Slowing & Reversing Aging | Dr. David Sinclair
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Essentials: How to Assess & Improve All Aspects of Your Fitness | Dr. Andy Galpin
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C134
Welcome to the Huberman Lab Podcast
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C18
Build Muscle Size, Increase Strength & Improve Recovery | Huberman Lab Essentials
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
C14
Essentials: Micronutrients for Health & Longevity | Dr. Rhonda Patrick
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C120
Tools to Set Your Cortisol Rhythm
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C15
Essentials: Optimal Protocols to Build Strength & Grow Muscles | Dr. Andy Galpin
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C118
You Can Learn New Habits Very Fast: Brain Circuits Rewire Faster With Urgency
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
The Science of Making & Breaking Habits | Huberman Lab Essentials
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C16
Control Your Brain Chemistry for Focus, Motivation & Well-Being | Huberman Lab Essentials
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
FOR YOU
推荐视频
C14
153 句
The Neuroscience of Love and Attachment: Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Dopamine's Role in Bonding
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
227 句
How to Lock In and Actually Get Things Done | Andrew Huberman
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
715 句
Alison Bashford: Secrets, history and psychology of the hand
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
746 句
Blindboy discovers the link between gut health and mental health
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
204 句
The Insane Biology of: The Octopus
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
402 句
Inside a Biotech Company: Roles, Teams & Where You Could Fit In | EP 14
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
115 句
What Makes Extroverts Scientifically Happier than Introverts?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C19
27 句
Why Do We Sneeze?
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B25
29 句
RE2 Unit 7B
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C112
52 句
Supernatural thinking: Your brain’s anti-anxiety mode | Clay Routledge
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
本课的词汇与口语要点
这节口语课以视频“Essentials: How Smells Influence Our Hormones, Health & Behavior”为素材。 这段视频共有 471 个句子、5904 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 34:51。 说话人语速自然，每分钟约 169 个词，接近日常对话。 只有 80% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| aggression 名词 | /əˈɡɹɛʃən/ | 侵略 |
| tear 动词 | /tɛɹ/ | 撕, 撕破 |
| receptor 名词 | /ɹɪˈsɛp.tə/ | 受體 /受体 |
| predict 动词 | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | 預言 /预言 |
| molecule 名词 | /ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/ | 分子 |
| mouse 名词 | /maʊs/ | лочў, 鳥鼠 /鸟鼠 |
| mixture 名词 | /ˈmɪkst͡ʃɚ/ | 混合 |
| chemotherapy 名词 | /ˌkiːməʊˈθɛɹəpi/ | 化療 /化疗, 化學療法 /化学疗法 |
| participant 名词 | /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/ | 參加者 /参加者, 參與者 /参与者 |
| experiment 名词 | /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/ | 實驗 /实验 |
| aggressive 形容词 | /əˈɡɹɛs.ɪv/ | 好鬥 /好斗, 好戰的 /好战的 |
| flavor 名词 | /ˈfleɪvə/ | 味道, 味兒 /味儿 |
| bulb 名词 | /ˈbʌlb/ | 鱗莖 /鳞茎 |
| testosterone 名词 | /tɛˈstɑ.stəˌɹoʊn/ | 睾酮 |
| recreate 动词 | /ˈɹɛk.ɹi.eɪt/ | 重製 /重制 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| end up 动词 | 到达 | |
| go through 动词 | 通過 /通过 | |
| figure out 动词 | 弄清楚 | |
| get up to 动词 | 幹 /干, 做 | |
| make up 动词 | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | 組成 /组成 |
| wake up 动词 | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | 醒, 醒來 /醒来 |
值得反复跟读的句子
视频中简短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常对话里：
- I've been a huge fan of your work.
- That's considered almost something you're supposed to do.
- I mean, we're quite confident.
- It's also important that you get adequate electrolytes.
- Was it because you looked the same?
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 条件句 if + 从句，will/would + 动词 — 条件及其结果 | if I was a dog, what would I · if you have a molecule that will make |
| 现在完成进行时 have/has been + -ing — 以前开始、现在仍在继续的动作 | I've been taking · I've been sleeping |
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | is referred · is devoted · are docked |
| 定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物 | skull, which is · brain, which is · people who come |
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 85 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 I'm, we're, don't。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “th” 音: chemotherapy /ˌkiːməʊˈθɛɹəpi/, breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/, algorithmic /ˌælɡəˈɹɪðmɪk/, epithelium /ˌɛpɪˈθiːlɪəm/
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: aggression /əˈɡɹɛʃən/, friendship /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/, sheet /ʃit/, shake /ˈʃeɪk/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: chemotherapy /ˌkiːməʊˈθɛɹəpi/, molecular /məˈlɛk.jə.ləɹ/, participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, testosterone /tɛˈstɑ.stəˌɹoʊn/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: aggressive /əˈɡɹɛs.ɪv/, flavor /ˈfleɪvə/, nerve /nɝv/, violet /ˈvaɪ.ə.lət/, perceive /pɚˈsiv/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: generate /ˈd͡ʒɛn.ə.ɹeɪt/, predict /pɹɪˈdɪkt/, mouse /maʊs/, participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: molecular /məˈlɛk.jə.ləɹ/, similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/, grateful /ˈɡɹeɪtf(ə)l/, remarkable /ɹɪˈmɑɹ.kə.bl̩/, protocol /ˈpɹoʊtəˌkɑl/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 aggression, tear, receptor 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。