跟读练习: How FIFA corrupted the World Cup - 通过视频学习英语口语
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It's December 2nd, 2010, and the International Federation of Association Football,
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or FIFA, gathered in Switzerland to announce which country would host the 2018 and 2022 World Cups.
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And they had assembled a powerful audience.
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Here is former US President Bill Clinton, who was there to back the US bid.
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And here is Prince William, working on behalf of England's bid.
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Behind him is the Prime Minister of the Netherlands and former Prime Minister of Belgium, who together submitted a joint bid.
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But even with all this political power in one room, the fate of their countries lay in the hands of these guys, the 22 FIFA officials with the power to pick the host.
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They were considered gods by the bidding nations.
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They were the masters of their destiny.
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But many of these men have been accused of abusing their power.
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And this was the moment they took it a step too far.
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2018 FIFA World Cup, ladies and gentlemen, will be organized in Russia.
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The FIFA World Cup is Qatar!
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The decision is still one of the worst decisions made by a sporting organisation.
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It was a catastrophe for FIFA.
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They've had their whole legacies called into question.
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The announcement set off a cascade of events that rocked the world of football and nearly broke FIFA.
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FIFA.
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A rampant and deep-booted corruption.
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And of corruption and...
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Widespread corruption in the internet.
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And money laundering.
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How did FIFA go from organizing one of the most beloved sporting events in the world, to corrupting it?
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Ready.
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In the early 20th century, football was already super popular, mainly in Europe and South America, where national teams had begun playing each other.
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So a group of officials in France formed FIFA in 1904 to oversee these competitions and promote the sport.
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In 1930, inspired by the Olympics, they decided to start their own tournament.
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The first question was, who would host it?
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Out of FIFA's 44 member countries at the time, six placed bids to host it.
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FIFA's Congress, made up of one representative from each country, was put in charge of voting for a winner.
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But really, this vote was a facade.
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So there was no big contest as such.
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It was effectively decided behind closed doors by a bunch of committee men.
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Eventually, FIFA awarded Uruguay the rights to host the first World Cup.
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And it was a fitting place to do it.
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Uruguay had just won the last two Olympic gold medals in football.
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It also agreed to pay for a lot, including the travel expenses of other teams and share the profits with FIFA.
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In July 1930, 13 teams came together to play.
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Uruguay beat Argentina in the finals, and FIFA made a solid profit, mostly from ticket sales.
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The World Cup was a success.
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Over the next couple of decades, FIFA decided to rotate the tournament between Europe and South America.
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The World Cup wasn't a grandiose thing back then.
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You know, there were some upgrades to the stadiums, there was an existing infrastructure, there'd be some marketing going on.
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But the World Cup wasn't a truly global event.
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That all changed when it went on TV.
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I am very pleased that this country is acting as host for the final of the World Cup.
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Once the whole world could watch the tournament, the host nation became much more visible, leading many more countries to want to host one.
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In virtually every country, football has now such a following that no government can afford to ignore it.
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Through the 60s and 70s, FIFA's membership started exploding.
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By the 80s, it had close to 170 members, mostly divided into six confederations with their own qualifying tournaments.
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And the organization kept getting richer.
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Take a look at how FIFA's profits grew steadily with almost every tournament until boom, the 1980s.
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That's when World Cup sponsorships, merchandise and TV rights became worth millions.
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All of this money was largely controlled by 24 officials, the leaders of each confederation and some senior officials like the president.
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This group was called the Executive Committee, or EXCO.
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They had the power to distribute FIFA's money to its member countries for building football fields, holding tournaments and establishing youth programs.
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Very often this was dumb about any checks in place.
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Lots of money was siphoned off.
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You know, a development money kickback became almost standard practice in certain parts of the world.
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FIFA leaders began using corrupt practices to gain and retain power.
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The corruption that went on suited the two presidents.
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Haviland was nakedly corrupt and he took bribes.
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That's well documented.
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Sepp Blatter was very different.
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He was addicted to power.
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There was a cabal of nakedly corrupt committee men within FIFA
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and Mr. Blatter ignored their excesses because he relied on their support to keep himself in power.
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It was in this culture of corruption that FIFA, in 1964, decided to take the vote away from Congress and give it to Exco.
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Meaning that to host a World Cup, countries only needed to win the votes of a majority of Exco, just 13 of them.
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The fact that such a small body of men had such a powerful position vested among them
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without any real checks and balances.
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Yeah, it absolutely made corruption part of it.
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FIFA's corruption wasn't a secret, but they had moved their headquarters to Switzerland long ago.
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And that meant their finances couldn't really be traced to confirm corruption, at least for another decade.
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The 2006 World Cup bid was the most competitive in FIFA's history.
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It had previously begun accepting bids from countries outside of Europe and South America.
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It awarded hosting rights to the US in 94, and South Korea and Japan in 2002.
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For the 2006 World Cup, five countries wanted to host it, and for good reason.
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I think there's a huge amount of prestige that it brings to not just the country, but to the leadership of the country.
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It's sort of a step on the way towards nation building.
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With more and more countries desperate for World Cup prestige, FIFA found ways to play them off each other.
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The bidding countries spent millions of dollars on a two-year gauntlet of PR events to impress FIFA.
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And tried to outdo each other by promising new stadiums, hotels, infrastructure and lucrative TV offers.
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This became the well-known public-facing side of the bidding process.
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That was the start, I think, where the World Cup became really very heavily politicized.
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When the 2006 vote came to a close, Exco chose...
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Deutschland!
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Thanks to one voter abstaining at the last moment, journalists had later revealed that Germany had bribed at least four ex-co members for their votes, including the official who abstained.
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It was the first publicly reported incident
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that revealed FIFA had another layer to its bidding process that involved cutting deals with ex-co members under the table.
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Because of a lack of criteria that governed where the World Cup was going to go, The old men who sat on its executive committee were wined
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and dined and indulged for a significant period of time and in some cases quite handsomely remunerated.
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And it happened again for the 2010 World Cup bid, which South Africa won.
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Allegations would later emerge that it too had paid ex-co members for their votes.
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This shadier side of the bid was becoming vital to winning.
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And in the next two bids, it would destroy the legacy of the World Cup.
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In the lead-up to this announcement, FIFA had decided that the 2018 Cup would be in Europe.
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Four bidders emerged.
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England, with its expansive infrastructure, was the heavy favorite.
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For the same reasons, the US was the favorite among five bidders for 2022.
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But of course, this was only part of what it took to win a World Cup bid.
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The countries that did win the vote
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that day were the ones who could pour the most money into all levels of FIFA's system.
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— People often overlook Russia.
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You know, Russia's very much at the forefront of everybody's mind.
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As long as someone like Vladimir Putin were behind it, then they were always going to be very competitive in that process.
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This is Bonita Mercieris.
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She saw the World Cup bidding process from the inside while working on Australia's bid that same year.
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— They had the capacity, they had the technical capability, they had the facilities.
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to pledge to spend $10 billion and the use of 16 stadiums.
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But equally important was the fact that they stacked their bid with rich, influential, and well-connected people.
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The head of the Russian bid was Igor Shivalov.
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The Russian sports minister and the president of the Russian Football Association was also heavily involved,
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and that they brought in some of their oligarchs to help support it financially, such as Abramovich.
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What does that tell you?
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It tells you we've got money.
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We've got basically fuck you money.
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We can do what we like.
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And they did.
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Ex-co-member Rafael Salguero would later admit that he agreed to accept $1 million for his vote from Russia.
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And Jack Warner allegedly received $5 million for his.
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Russia was using the full weight of its government, corporations, and connections to win every layer of the bid process, just as FIFA had designed it.
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And they weren't the only ones.
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The reason why I thought Qatar was always a possibility was this wasn't just about the World Cup for them.
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It was the government seeing this as an important step in their nation building.
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So they really, really wanted it.
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And they had deep pockets.
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At first glance, Qatar's bid was a long shot.
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It's a fairly small country with a football team that's never qualified for the World Cup.
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It was also too hot for football.
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could reach 50 degrees in the summer.
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And in 2010, Qatar only had one major city and one stadium big enough for a World Cup game.
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But what Qatar did have is some of the largest natural gas reserves in the world, with an enormous amount of wealth, all controlled by the country's emir, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani.
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And they were willing to use it to win the 2022 bid.
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It pledged to spend an astonishing $200 billion on infrastructure and build 12 brand new air-conditioned stadiums, A bid other countries couldn't match.
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And they didn't forget about Exco.
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British journalists would later allege that a Qatari-owned company paid Warner around $2 million for his vote.
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There's also allegations that Qatar made payments to three other Exco members.
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But Russia and Qatar's advantages went beyond wealth.
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They were the only two authoritarian countries in the contest, meaning they were freer to work the shadier side of the bid.
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The Australian World Cup bid was very well funded as well, but it was all publicly funded and every cent was meant to be accounted for.
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You know, maybe you could move stuff around spreadsheets and so on, but if you were going to engage in the dark arts, you had to be very, very careful.
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Whereas if you were coming from an authoritarian state, like Russia or like Qatar, you can do what you like.
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FIFA created a bidding process that would inevitably be won by the countries with the the most cash and the least accountability.
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And the thing is Russia and Qatar got away with it.
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But the scandals that followed nearly destroyed FIFA.
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Allegations emerged weeks after the 2010 vote.
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But it wasn't until 2015 that the FBI arrested several FIFA officials in Zurich and launched investigations into decades of FIFA's dealings.
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Even though no one's been put on trial for taking bribes from Qatar, since the vote 13 of the 22 ex-co voters present
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that year have either been indicted or banned from FIFA at at some point.
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Amidst these scandals, Sepp Blatter resigned in disgrace.
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So in 2016, in an attempt to clean up its act, FIFA gave Congress the power to vote on World Cup hosts once again.
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But the 2018 World Cup in Russia went on as planned, generating record revenue for FIFA.
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And Qatar is predicted to do the same.
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Are we comfortable with the human rights record of Qatar and Russia?
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be comfortable with what Russia is doing at the moment.
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That decision has been a great enabler for both those countries.
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It's a decision that just doesn't stand the test of time at all.
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They didn't get it right then, and it's not right now.
关于本课
在这一课中，您将通过观看有关国际足球联合会（FIFA）及其丑闻的YouTube视频，提升您的英语听说能力。通过跟随视频，您不仅能够理解足球世界杯的发展历程，还能学会如何更有效地应用英语进行交流。您将有机会练习发音，并在沉浸式学习中提高口语流利度。适合所有希望在实际语境中增强英语能力的学习者。
关键词汇和短语
- 国际足球联合会 (FIFA) - 负责管理国际足球比赛的组织。
- 世界杯 (World Cup) - 世界上最具声望的足球比赛。
- 腐败 (Corruption) - 在权力中滥用职权以获取个人利益。
- 投标 (Bid) - 竞标承办赛事的过程。
- 利益 (Interests) - 与特定活动相关的经济或个人利益。
- 赛事 (Tournament) - 体育比赛的集合或系列。
- 基础设施 (Infrastructure) - 支持比赛进行的设备和服务。
- 影子跟读 (Shadowing) - 一种语言学习方法，通过重复听到的内容来提高口语和发音。
练习建议
在观看视频时，建议您尝试进行英语影子跟读，即在跟随视频说话时，模仿讲者的语音语调。视频的语速适中，非常适合进行这种练习。您可以尝试以下技巧：
- 反复观看同一段落：首先理解内容，然后模仿讲者的语音和语调。
- 调整音量：轻声重复可以帮助您更好地注意发音和连贯性。
- 注意语气变化：学习如何在不同情境中使用不同的语气，以提高表达的情感色彩。
- 使用暂停：在听到困难的单词或短语时，暂停视频，反复练习，直到熟悉。
通过这些方法，您能够有效地提高英语发音和表达能力，并且在逐步提升的过程中，享受看YouTube学英语的乐趣。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。