シャドーイング練習: How FIFA corrupted the World Cup - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
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It's December 2nd, 2010, and the International Federation of Association Football,
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or FIFA, gathered in Switzerland to announce which country would host the 2018 and 2022 World Cups.
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And they had assembled a powerful audience.
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Here is former US President Bill Clinton, who was there to back the US bid.
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And here is Prince William, working on behalf of England's bid.
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Behind him is the Prime Minister of the Netherlands and former Prime Minister of Belgium, who together submitted a joint bid.
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But even with all this political power in one room, the fate of their countries lay in the hands of these guys, the 22 FIFA officials with the power to pick the host.
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They were considered gods by the bidding nations.
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They were the masters of their destiny.
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But many of these men have been accused of abusing their power.
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And this was the moment they took it a step too far.
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2018 FIFA World Cup, ladies and gentlemen, will be organized in Russia.
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The FIFA World Cup is Qatar!
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The decision is still one of the worst decisions made by a sporting organisation.
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It was a catastrophe for FIFA.
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They've had their whole legacies called into question.
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The announcement set off a cascade of events that rocked the world of football and nearly broke FIFA.
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FIFA.
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A rampant and deep-booted corruption.
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And of corruption and...
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Widespread corruption in the internet.
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And money laundering.
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How did FIFA go from organizing one of the most beloved sporting events in the world, to corrupting it?
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Ready.
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In the early 20th century, football was already super popular, mainly in Europe and South America, where national teams had begun playing each other.
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So a group of officials in France formed FIFA in 1904 to oversee these competitions and promote the sport.
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In 1930, inspired by the Olympics, they decided to start their own tournament.
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The first question was, who would host it?
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Out of FIFA's 44 member countries at the time, six placed bids to host it.
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FIFA's Congress, made up of one representative from each country, was put in charge of voting for a winner.
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But really, this vote was a facade.
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So there was no big contest as such.
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It was effectively decided behind closed doors by a bunch of committee men.
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Eventually, FIFA awarded Uruguay the rights to host the first World Cup.
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And it was a fitting place to do it.
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Uruguay had just won the last two Olympic gold medals in football.
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It also agreed to pay for a lot, including the travel expenses of other teams and share the profits with FIFA.
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In July 1930, 13 teams came together to play.
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Uruguay beat Argentina in the finals, and FIFA made a solid profit, mostly from ticket sales.
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The World Cup was a success.
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Over the next couple of decades, FIFA decided to rotate the tournament between Europe and South America.
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The World Cup wasn't a grandiose thing back then.
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You know, there were some upgrades to the stadiums, there was an existing infrastructure, there'd be some marketing going on.
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But the World Cup wasn't a truly global event.
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That all changed when it went on TV.
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I am very pleased that this country is acting as host for the final of the World Cup.
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Once the whole world could watch the tournament, the host nation became much more visible, leading many more countries to want to host one.
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In virtually every country, football has now such a following that no government can afford to ignore it.
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Through the 60s and 70s, FIFA's membership started exploding.
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By the 80s, it had close to 170 members, mostly divided into six confederations with their own qualifying tournaments.
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And the organization kept getting richer.
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Take a look at how FIFA's profits grew steadily with almost every tournament until boom, the 1980s.
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That's when World Cup sponsorships, merchandise and TV rights became worth millions.
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All of this money was largely controlled by 24 officials, the leaders of each confederation and some senior officials like the president.
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This group was called the Executive Committee, or EXCO.
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They had the power to distribute FIFA's money to its member countries for building football fields, holding tournaments and establishing youth programs.
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Very often this was dumb about any checks in place.
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Lots of money was siphoned off.
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You know, a development money kickback became almost standard practice in certain parts of the world.
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FIFA leaders began using corrupt practices to gain and retain power.
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The corruption that went on suited the two presidents.
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Haviland was nakedly corrupt and he took bribes.
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That's well documented.
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Sepp Blatter was very different.
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He was addicted to power.
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There was a cabal of nakedly corrupt committee men within FIFA
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and Mr. Blatter ignored their excesses because he relied on their support to keep himself in power.
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It was in this culture of corruption that FIFA, in 1964, decided to take the vote away from Congress and give it to Exco.
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Meaning that to host a World Cup, countries only needed to win the votes of a majority of Exco, just 13 of them.
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The fact that such a small body of men had such a powerful position vested among them
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without any real checks and balances.
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Yeah, it absolutely made corruption part of it.
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FIFA's corruption wasn't a secret, but they had moved their headquarters to Switzerland long ago.
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And that meant their finances couldn't really be traced to confirm corruption, at least for another decade.
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The 2006 World Cup bid was the most competitive in FIFA's history.
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It had previously begun accepting bids from countries outside of Europe and South America.
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It awarded hosting rights to the US in 94, and South Korea and Japan in 2002.
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For the 2006 World Cup, five countries wanted to host it, and for good reason.
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I think there's a huge amount of prestige that it brings to not just the country, but to the leadership of the country.
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It's sort of a step on the way towards nation building.
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With more and more countries desperate for World Cup prestige, FIFA found ways to play them off each other.
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The bidding countries spent millions of dollars on a two-year gauntlet of PR events to impress FIFA.
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And tried to outdo each other by promising new stadiums, hotels, infrastructure and lucrative TV offers.
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This became the well-known public-facing side of the bidding process.
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That was the start, I think, where the World Cup became really very heavily politicized.
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When the 2006 vote came to a close, Exco chose...
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Deutschland!
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Thanks to one voter abstaining at the last moment, journalists had later revealed that Germany had bribed at least four ex-co members for their votes, including the official who abstained.
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It was the first publicly reported incident
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that revealed FIFA had another layer to its bidding process that involved cutting deals with ex-co members under the table.
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Because of a lack of criteria that governed where the World Cup was going to go, The old men who sat on its executive committee were wined
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and dined and indulged for a significant period of time and in some cases quite handsomely remunerated.
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And it happened again for the 2010 World Cup bid, which South Africa won.
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Allegations would later emerge that it too had paid ex-co members for their votes.
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This shadier side of the bid was becoming vital to winning.
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And in the next two bids, it would destroy the legacy of the World Cup.
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In the lead-up to this announcement, FIFA had decided that the 2018 Cup would be in Europe.
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Four bidders emerged.
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England, with its expansive infrastructure, was the heavy favorite.
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For the same reasons, the US was the favorite among five bidders for 2022.
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But of course, this was only part of what it took to win a World Cup bid.
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The countries that did win the vote
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that day were the ones who could pour the most money into all levels of FIFA's system.
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— People often overlook Russia.
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You know, Russia's very much at the forefront of everybody's mind.
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As long as someone like Vladimir Putin were behind it, then they were always going to be very competitive in that process.
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This is Bonita Mercieris.
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She saw the World Cup bidding process from the inside while working on Australia's bid that same year.
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— They had the capacity, they had the technical capability, they had the facilities.
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to pledge to spend $10 billion and the use of 16 stadiums.
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But equally important was the fact that they stacked their bid with rich, influential, and well-connected people.
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The head of the Russian bid was Igor Shivalov.
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The Russian sports minister and the president of the Russian Football Association was also heavily involved,
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and that they brought in some of their oligarchs to help support it financially, such as Abramovich.
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What does that tell you?
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It tells you we've got money.
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We've got basically fuck you money.
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We can do what we like.
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And they did.
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Ex-co-member Rafael Salguero would later admit that he agreed to accept $1 million for his vote from Russia.
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And Jack Warner allegedly received $5 million for his.
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Russia was using the full weight of its government, corporations, and connections to win every layer of the bid process, just as FIFA had designed it.
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And they weren't the only ones.
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The reason why I thought Qatar was always a possibility was this wasn't just about the World Cup for them.
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It was the government seeing this as an important step in their nation building.
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So they really, really wanted it.
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And they had deep pockets.
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At first glance, Qatar's bid was a long shot.
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It's a fairly small country with a football team that's never qualified for the World Cup.
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It was also too hot for football.
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could reach 50 degrees in the summer.
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And in 2010, Qatar only had one major city and one stadium big enough for a World Cup game.
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But what Qatar did have is some of the largest natural gas reserves in the world, with an enormous amount of wealth, all controlled by the country's emir, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani.
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And they were willing to use it to win the 2022 bid.
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It pledged to spend an astonishing $200 billion on infrastructure and build 12 brand new air-conditioned stadiums, A bid other countries couldn't match.
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And they didn't forget about Exco.
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British journalists would later allege that a Qatari-owned company paid Warner around $2 million for his vote.
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There's also allegations that Qatar made payments to three other Exco members.
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But Russia and Qatar's advantages went beyond wealth.
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They were the only two authoritarian countries in the contest, meaning they were freer to work the shadier side of the bid.
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The Australian World Cup bid was very well funded as well, but it was all publicly funded and every cent was meant to be accounted for.
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You know, maybe you could move stuff around spreadsheets and so on, but if you were going to engage in the dark arts, you had to be very, very careful.
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Whereas if you were coming from an authoritarian state, like Russia or like Qatar, you can do what you like.
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FIFA created a bidding process that would inevitably be won by the countries with the the most cash and the least accountability.
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And the thing is Russia and Qatar got away with it.
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But the scandals that followed nearly destroyed FIFA.
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Allegations emerged weeks after the 2010 vote.
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But it wasn't until 2015 that the FBI arrested several FIFA officials in Zurich and launched investigations into decades of FIFA's dealings.
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Even though no one's been put on trial for taking bribes from Qatar, since the vote 13 of the 22 ex-co voters present
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that year have either been indicted or banned from FIFA at at some point.
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Amidst these scandals, Sepp Blatter resigned in disgrace.
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So in 2016, in an attempt to clean up its act, FIFA gave Congress the power to vote on World Cup hosts once again.
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But the 2018 World Cup in Russia went on as planned, generating record revenue for FIFA.
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And Qatar is predicted to do the same.
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Are we comfortable with the human rights record of Qatar and Russia?
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be comfortable with what Russia is doing at the moment.
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That decision has been a great enabler for both those countries.
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It's a decision that just doesn't stand the test of time at all.
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They didn't get it right then, and it's not right now.
このレッスンについて
このレッスンでは、FIFAとワールドカップに関する重要な発表について学びます。特に、ワールドカップの開催国がどのように決定され、どのように政治的な力が影響を与えたのかを探ります。聞き取った内容を通じて、英語スピーキング練習を行い、発音や理解力を向上させることを目指します。このエクササイズは、特に英語シャドーイングに役立ちます。
重要な語彙とフレーズ
- FIFA - 国際サッカー連盟
- ワールドカップ - 世界中で人気のあるサッカー大会
- 開催国 - トーナメントが行われる国
- 入札 - 開催国を選ぶための提案
- 汚職 - 権力の乱用
- サッカー - このスポーツ自体
- 選挙 - 勝者を選ぶプロセス
練習のヒント
この動画のスピードとトーンは、少し早めですが、練習には最適です。shadow speakのテクニックを使用して、発言を繰り返し声に出してみましょう。まずは、一文ずつ分かりやすく発音を確認し、次にその文をゆっくりと復唱します。これにより、英語の発音を良くする感覚が身に付きます。また、動画の内容を意識しながら英語スピーキング練習を行うことで、より理解が深まります。細かい発音の違いにも注意を払い、何度も繰り返して定着を図りましょう。この反復練習は、自然なリズムでの会話能力向上にもつながります。同時に、相手が話すスピードにも注意を払い、適応する力を養うことが重要です。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。