跟读练习: The INCOME STATEMENT Explained (Profit & Loss / P&L) - 通过视频学习英语口语
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In this video you'll learn what an income statement is.
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I'll show you what it looks like and how you can use it to measure a business's financial performance.
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Hey there, welcome back to Accounting Stuff.
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I'm James and in today's video we're going to cover the income statement.
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Also known as the profit and loss statement or the P&L for short.
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This is one of the three major financial statements in accounting along with the balance sheet and the cash flow statement.
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Collectively these reports give us an impression of a business's financial health so it's important that we understand how they work.
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I've already made videos covering the balance sheet and the cash flow statement
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which you can find linked up here and down below in the description
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but up until now I haven't posted a video yet on the income statement
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and I've received a lot of requests from you guys to cover this topic
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so thanks for all these particularly from one subscriber so Niloy
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if you're watching this video goes out to you good luck in your exam hope you crush it.
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An income statement is the summary of a business's revenues and expenses over a period of time.
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In its basic form an income statement looks like this it's a summary of a business's revenues
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and expenses over a period of time.
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When we take our total revenue and and subtract our expenses from it then we work out our profit or our loss.
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We make a profit when our revenues exceed our expenses
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and on the flip side we make a loss when our expenses are more than the income we've earned.
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This is why the income statement is also known as the profit and loss statement or the P&L for short.
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It lays out a roadmap for how we ended up here at the bottom line our profit or loss.
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The income statement always covers a period of time
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which could be anything that we want it to be but typically we run it for a month, a quarter or a full year.
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Here's a helpful analogy that I read in this book The Accounting Game which I recommend reading if you're new to accounting.
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You can find my review of it up here.
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Anyway back to it.
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If a balance sheet shows us a snapshot of a business's assets, liabilities and equity at a single point in time,
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then you can think of it as a photograph or a still frame taken from a video.
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Whereas the income statement covers a period of time.
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It's like watching a clip of that video.
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It has a beginning and it has an end.
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And if we look at it carefully and analyze it, then it can tell us a story.
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But more on that later.
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Let's take a closer look at our income statement.
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Revenues, less expenses, make us a profit or a loss.
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The problem with this layout is that it doesn't give us much detail.
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It would be much better if we made things a little more descriptive.
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For instance, revenue.
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There are many different types of revenue.
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If we were running a business that sells physical products then we might want to call this product sales instead.
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Or if we provide services we could call this our services rendered.
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This extra detail helps the readers of the income statement better understand what they're looking at.
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Clarity is the aim of the game here.
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The same goes for expenses.
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Businesses typically incur many different types of expense but broadly speaking these can be broken down into two categories.
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Our direct costs of doing business and our indirect costs of running the business.
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Our direct costs of doing business are the costs
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which we can directly trace through to the products we've sold or the services that we've provided.
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For a business that provides services we might call this our cost of services
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and if we sell physical goods then we could call this our cost of sales or our cost of goods sold.
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Direct costs like these are variable costs which increase in direct proportion to the sales that we've made.
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If you are running a retail
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or a wholesale business then these would include things like the original purchase price of the product
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that you're reselling or
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if you've run a manufacturing business then this would include the cost of your raw materials
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or the direct labor cost that went into producing your product.
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As we make more sales we incur more of these direct costs.
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Cost of goods sold can be a bit of a tricky concept to understand at first.
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It ties in very closely with inventory in the balance sheet.
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If you'd like to see me make a video explaining how all of
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that works then let me know down below in the comments
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and if you haven't already remember to hit that subscribe button
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so you don't miss out on all of the other accounting tutorials that we have coming out very soon.
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Back to the income statement.
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When we take our revenue and deduct our direct costs of doing business we get to our gross profit.
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If you're new to accounting then you'll soon discover that we have many different types of profit.
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Our gross profit is a really useful tool that allows us to measure the efficiency of our production and sales process.
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I'll show you how that works in a minute.
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But first let's jump back to indirect costs.
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These are the costs of running a business
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which can't directly be traced back to the production of goods or the provision of services.
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We sometimes call these overheads.
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Overheads can include fixed costs like rent, employee salaries, insurance costs, admin expenses,
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legal costs, accounting costs, marketing costs, depreciation and amortization.
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Whoa, there's a lot of them.
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Fixed costs like these tend to remain the same.
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They bear no correlation at all to the sales that your business has made.
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However, not all overheads are fixed.
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Variable overheads can loosely correlate with a business's sales, although they can't be directly traced back to the production of goods or the provision of services.
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These include things like advertising costs, which can indirectly drive sales and sales commissions.
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Utility costs could also be considered a variable overhead in a manufacturing business because these can increase as we ramp up production.
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When we deduct our indirect costs of doing business from our gross profit, we come to our operating profit.
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Operating profit measures the net income that we generated from operations.
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This is the residual amount that's left over after deducting all of our direct and indirect costs of doing business.
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So this is our basic income statement.
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But how does it help us measure a business's financial health?
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It does that by giving us a means to compare our financial performance against comparative accounting periods.
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A comparative period is a different period of time.
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It can be whatever we want it to be.
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We could compare a current month income statement against last month's income statement or this year versus last year.
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When we use comparative periods we can calculate the change
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or movement across each line item down the profit and loss statement
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and as accountants it's our job to support these movements with a narrative which explains all of the differences.
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Let's throw in some numbers into an imaginary company and I'll show you what I mean.
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We'll compare the movements in our P&L year on year.
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This is going to be for a medium-sized business so we can quote our numbers in thousands of dollars.
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What have we got here?
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Our imaginary company has made sales of $110,000 which is up $10,000 from what we made in the prior year.
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Our cost of goods sold have also increased by $10,000 from $30,000 to $40,000.
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That's left us with a gross profit of $70,000 which has remained unchanged.
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Our overheads are fixed at $45,000 which gives us an operating profit of $25,000 in each period.
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What can we learn from all of this?
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Well our sales have increased by $10,000 but our gross profit has remained exactly the same.
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How can that be?
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A useful metric that we can use to analyze this is gross profit margin.
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We can calculate our gross profit margin by taking our total product sales
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and deducting our costs of goods sold and then dividing the whole lot by our product sales.
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This measures how efficiently we've been producing and selling our imaginary product.
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In this case our gross profit margin in the current year is around 64%
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which is actually down from last year's gross profit margin of 70%.
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How's that possible?
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Well one of two things could be happening here.
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Our sales could be shrinking or our costs could be rising.
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We could be selling more products but at a discount or the cost of our raw materials could be rising.
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These are the questions that we need to be asking ourselves as accountants, investors or small business owners.
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We can compare metrics like the gross profit margin across comparative
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periods to help us identify what questions we should be asking and then Then, that's when the work begins.
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We need to find out the answers and use them to build a narrative that explains what's going on.
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Gross profit margin is just one of many business metrics that we can use to analyse the income statement.
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If you'd like to see me make videos on the others, let me know.
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Now, this is still quite a basic income statement.
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In reality there are other indirect costs of doing business which we might need to include as well.
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Things like interest expenses and tax.
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These tend to slot in below operating profit because they aren't considered to fall within the normal cost of operations.
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This is why operating profit is also known as EBIT or earnings before interest and tax.
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When we deduct our interest
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and tax from our operating profit we calculate our net profit the bottom line
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because it's at the bottom of the profit and loss statement.
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So you can see that there are many different types of profit and loss to consider in accounting.
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We start off with our revenue and we deduct our direct costs of doing business to come to our gross profit, our top line profit.
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Below this we take out the indirect costs of running our business to find our operating profit, our EBIT, our earnings before interest and tax.
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And when we remove interest and tax we calculate our net profit, the bottom line.
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these different types of profit help us measure performance over a period of time.
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The main goal of most businesses is to maximize their profits
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so it's important to be clear on what that means and to be aware of the differences between gross profit,
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operating profit and net profit which can each tell us a different part of the story.
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Like I mentioned earlier the income statement is just one of
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the three main financial statements along with the balance sheet and the cash flow statement.
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I've made videos covering both of these already which you can find here and here.
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If you found this one useful give it a like or better yet share it with a friend, why not?
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Don't forget to subscribe for more accounting tutorials.
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I'll see you around.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这节 C1 级别的口语课以视频“The INCOME STATEMENT Explained”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：profit, cost, statement, income, sales。 这段视频共有 142 个句子、1913 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 11:20。 说话人语速自然，每分钟约 169 个词，接近日常对话。 86% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中最难的 15 个单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| deduct 动词 | /dɪˈdʌkt/ | 扣除 |
| overhead 名词 | /ˈəʊvəˌhɛd/ | 間接費用 /间接费用 |
| indirect 形容词 | /ˌɪn.daɪˈɹɛkt/ | 間接 /间接 |
| calculate 动词 | /ˈkælkjʊleɪt/ | 計算 /计算, 算 |
| imaginary 形容词 | /ɪˈmæd͡ʒɪˌn(ɛ)ɹi/ | 幻想 |
| metric 形容词 | /ˈmɛt.ɹɪk/ | 公制 |
| accountant 名词 | /əˈkaʊn.tənt/ | 會計 /会计, 會計師 /会计师 |
| tutorial 名词 | /ˌtjuːˈtɔːɹɪəl/ | 輔導 /辅导, 教程 |
| analyze 动词 | /ˈæn.əˌlaɪz/ | 分析 |
| subscribe 动词 | /səbˈskɹaɪb/ | 簽署 /签署 |
| amortization 名词 | /ˌæmɚtəˈzeɪʃən/ | 攤銷 /摊销 |
| depreciation 名词 | /dɪˌpɹiːʃɪˈeɪʃən/ | 折舊 /折旧 |
| subtract 动词 | /səbˈtɹækt/ | 減 /减, 減去 /减去 |
| subscriber 名词 | /səbˈskɹaɪbɚ/ | 訂閱者 /订阅者, 訂戶 /订户 |
| maximize 动词 | /ˈmæksəmaɪz/ | 最大化 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| come out 动词 | /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ | 出, 出來 /出来 |
| end up 动词 | 到达 | |
| find out 动词 | 找出, 查明 | |
| take out 动词 | 取出 | |
| work out 动词 | /ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/ | 計算 /计算, 算出 |
值得反复跟读的句子
视频中简短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常对话里：
- Let's take a closer look at our income statement.
- I'll show you how that works in a minute.
- What have we got here?
- What can we learn from all of this?
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 条件句 if + 从句，will/would + 动词 — 条件及其结果 | If you're new to accounting then you'll soon |
| 现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事 | I've already made · haven't posted · I've received |
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | is also known · can be broken · be traced |
| 定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物 | costs, which can · profit which can |
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 33 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 we've, I'll, you're。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: amortization /ˌæmɚtəˈzeɪʃən/, depreciation /dɪˌpɹiːʃɪˈeɪʃən/, snapshot /ˈsnæpʃɒt/, correlation /ˌkɔɹ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: comparative /kəmˈpæɹətɪv/, imaginary /ɪˈmæd͡ʒɪˌn(ɛ)ɹi/, amortization /ˌæmɚtəˈzeɪʃən/, depreciation /dɪˌpɹiːʃɪˈeɪʃən/, residual /ɹɪˈzɪd͡ʒ.u.əl/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: overhead /ˈəʊvəˌhɛd/, comparative /kəmˈpæɹətɪv/, descriptive /dəˈskɹɪptɪv/, investor /ɪnˈvɛs.tə(ɹ)/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: deduct /dɪˈdʌkt/, overhead /ˈəʊvəˌhɛd/, indirect /ˌɪn.daɪˈɹɛkt/, comparative /kəmˈpæɹətɪv/, calculate /ˈkælkjʊleɪt/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: tutorial /ˌtjuːˈtɔːɹɪəl/, correlate /ˈkɔɹəleɪt/, resell /ɹiːˈsɛl/, residual /ɹɪˈzɪd͡ʒ.u.əl/, indirectly /ˌɪn.dɪˈɹɛk(t).li/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 deduct, overhead, indirect 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。