Shadowing Practice: Anarchy - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Hi, I'm Alan Sens and I'm sitting outside the International House at the University of British Columbia.
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Welcome to the Global Politics instructional video series.
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In this series, we're looking at a number of key concepts in the study of international relations and global politics.
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Today we're looking at anarchy.
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Now anarchy is important because anarchy is one of the core concepts in the theory of political realism.
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Realists argue that the way global politics are
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and the way global politics happens is all because it's an international anarchy that is to say,
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the international system is anarchic.
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And realists argue that this fundamentally determines the character of global politics, historically, today, and in the future.
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So let's see what they mean.
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Anarchy.
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Now, when we think of anarchy,
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often what comes up first is the idea of anarchism and anarchists of course are relevant in some contexts,
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but we're not really interested in them right now.
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We're actually focused on global politics.
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So I'm going to draw an international system and I'm going to populate it with some states.
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And I'll draw some very powerful states and some less powerful states and some even less powerful states.
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Now, realists argue that this system is anarchic.
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That is to say, it is characterized by anarchy, and they make that claim for two reasons.
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First, there is no central authority in this system.
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And what that really means is there's no world government.
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There's no world government to establish rules, establish laws, or provide protection for anyone in the system.
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The second reason this system is anarchic is that there is no world police force.
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And as a result, there's no force to actually enforce rules or laws in this system.
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Now, realists argue there's a number of consequences to this.
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The first consequence is that states are very insecure in an anarchic environment,
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and as a result, they are very concerned, obsessed, in fact, with survival, and that is their first and ultimate priority.
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Second, realists argue that in this anarchic system,
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states can really only rely on themselves for their own security.
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And realists call this a self -help system.
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And there's really only two ways states can help themselves to secure themselves against any threats,
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and that's to increase their own military power or to form alliances.
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Third, realists argue that in an anarchic system is extremely difficult to trust anyone.
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So trust is difficult.
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And as a result it's very difficult to promote cooperation.
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Everyone in the system is worried about their own self -interests.
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There's a lot of conflict in the system because it's
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so difficult to establish long -term patterns of cooperation with others in an anarchic environment.
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So realists argue that this anarchic structure makes states act the way they do.
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This system, this anarchic system, determines the behavior of states.
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And one of the examples that realists use to illustrate this, and we'll talk about here because this is a very good example,
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is something called the security dilemma.
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And the whole idea here is when states look out into the international system, and I'll just label these three more powerful states in the system,
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A, B, and C.
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When states look out into the system, they feel insecure.
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So let's take state A.
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It looks into the system and feels it's insecure.
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There's no central authority, there's no police force, it needs to depend on itself for its own security, trust is difficult, it wants to survive,
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and so as a result...
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it will build up its military power.
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And I'll just draw a little symbol there to express that.
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And what state A is really doing is looking out in the system and saying, you know, we don't have any aggressive intent,
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we don't want to attack anybody, but we can't trust anyone either, and we need to ensure our own security,
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so we're going to build up our military to defend ourselves.
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Now, State B looks at that and asks the question, why did State A do that?
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Why did they increase their military?
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Certainly, they realize that we have no aggressive intent towards them.
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So, perhaps they're building up their military in order to attack us.
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We can't take that chance.
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It's a self -help system.
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So, we better build up our own military in response.
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State A then looks to that effort by State B to build up its military and asks the question, now why did they do that?
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Surely they knew we have no aggressive intent towards them.
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We were building up our military to defend ourselves, but then they go up and build their military up.
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Why did they do that?
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Maybe they're planning to attack us.
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It's a self -help system.
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So we better build up our military a little bit more in order to defend ourselves against State B.
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State B then looks at that and goes, ha, why did they do that?
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We increased our military just to defend ourselves, and now they've gone and increased their military some more.
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We better do the same.
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and then state A responds,
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state B responds, and before you know it you've got an arms race between state A and state B.
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Now meanwhile state C is looking at this and going what's going on?
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These two countries are vastly increasing their military power.
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We better do the same in case they're planning to attack us.
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And before you know it you've got an arms race that's extended throughout the system.
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And an arms race is a particularly extreme form or virulent example of the security dilemma.
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And of course the dilemma here is that in their efforts to ensure their own security,
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these states have now created an environment which is much more insecure than it was before.
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I mean they're certainly no more secure than they were before
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and arguably they're even less secure because this system is now much more hostile, much more filled with suspicion and distrust,
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and could even lead to war.
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So realists make the argument through the security dilemma as one example of how anarchy affects global politics.
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The nature of the system, the character of the system, actually affects the behavior of states,
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and it does so in a way that realists argue has examples throughout history.
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So that was the concept of anarchy.
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Now not everyone believes that realists are right when they describe the world as anarchic.
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Most other theories have very different takes on how you would describe the international system and its fundamental characteristics. But clearly
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if we do want to try to understand global politics realists do have a lot to tell us
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and anarchy is one of the main contributions they make to this discussion.
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I hope you enjoy this video.
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Join me next time.
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Las palabras que más se repiten: realists, military, anarchic, anarchy, argue. Este vídeo tiene 93 frases y 1144 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 8:29. El hablante mantiene un ritmo constante de unas 135 palabras por minuto, cómodo para el shadowing. El 87 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
Las 15 palabras más avanzadas del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| realist sustantivo | /ˈɹɪəlɪst/ | realista |
| anarchy sustantivo | /ˈæn.ɚ.ki/ | anarquía |
| insecure adjetivo | /ɪnsəˈkjʊɹ/ | inseguro, en globo |
| dilemma sustantivo | /daɪˈlɛmə/ | dilema, disyuntiva |
| consequence sustantivo | /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/ | consecuencia |
| anarchism sustantivo | /ˈænəɹˌkɪzəm/ | anarquismo |
| anarchist sustantivo | /ˈæn.ɑɹ.kɪst/ | anarquista, ácrata |
| characterize verbo | /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/ | caracterizar |
| distrust sustantivo | /dɪsˈtɹʌst/ | desconfianza, recelo |
| obsess verbo | /əbˈsɛs/ | obsesionarse |
| populate verbo | /ˈpɒp.jʊˌleɪt/ | poblar |
| vastly adverbio | /ˈvæstli/ | inmensamente |
| realism sustantivo | /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/ | realismo |
| illustrate verbo | /ˈɪl.əˌstɹeɪt/ | ilustrar |
| fundamentally adverbio | fundamentalmente |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Significado |
|---|---|
| come up verbo | salir a relucir |
| go up verbo | subir |
Frases que vale la pena repetir
Frases cortas y completas del vídeo que puedes reutilizar en la conversación diaria:
- Today we're looking at anarchy.
- We're actually focused on global politics.
- We can't take that chance.
- Maybe they're planning to attack us.
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 25 contracciones y formas reducidas, como they're, we're, I'm. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: anarchism /ˈænəɹˌkɪzəm/, characterize /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/, realism /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/
Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:
- /v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: virulent /ˈvɪɹ(j)ələnt/, vastly /ˈvæstli/
- /z/ — sonora, no /s/: anarchism /ˈænəɹˌkɪzəm/, characterize /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/, realism /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/
- /h/ — una aspiración suave, no la “j”: hostile /ˈhɑstəl/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Haz shadowing frase por frase a velocidad normal, repitiendo cada una hasta que tu ritmo coincida con el del hablante.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como realist, anarchy, insecure.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.