跟讀練習: Anarchy - 通過影片學習英語口語

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Hi, I'm Alan Sens and I'm sitting outside the International House at the University of British Columbia.

Welcome to the Global Politics instructional video series.

In this series, we're looking at a number of key concepts in the study of international relations and global politics.

Today we're looking at anarchy.

Now anarchy is important because anarchy is one of the core concepts in the theory of political realism.

Realists argue that the way global politics are

and the way global politics happens is all because it's an international anarchy that is to say,

the international system is anarchic.

And realists argue that this fundamentally determines the character of global politics, historically, today, and in the future.

So let's see what they mean.

Anarchy.

Now, when we think of anarchy,

often what comes up first is the idea of anarchism and anarchists of course are relevant in some contexts,

but we're not really interested in them right now.

We're actually focused on global politics.

So I'm going to draw an international system and I'm going to populate it with some states.

And I'll draw some very powerful states and some less powerful states and some even less powerful states.

Now, realists argue that this system is anarchic.

That is to say, it is characterized by anarchy, and they make that claim for two reasons.

First, there is no central authority in this system.

And what that really means is there's no world government.

There's no world government to establish rules, establish laws, or provide protection for anyone in the system.

The second reason this system is anarchic is that there is no world police force.

And as a result, there's no force to actually enforce rules or laws in this system.

Now, realists argue there's a number of consequences to this.

The first consequence is that states are very insecure in an anarchic environment,

and as a result, they are very concerned, obsessed, in fact, with survival, and that is their first and ultimate priority.

Second, realists argue that in this anarchic system,

states can really only rely on themselves for their own security.

And realists call this a self -help system.

And there's really only two ways states can help themselves to secure themselves against any threats,

and that's to increase their own military power or to form alliances.

Third, realists argue that in an anarchic system is extremely difficult to trust anyone.

So trust is difficult.

And as a result it's very difficult to promote cooperation.

Everyone in the system is worried about their own self -interests.

There's a lot of conflict in the system because it's

so difficult to establish long -term patterns of cooperation with others in an anarchic environment.

So realists argue that this anarchic structure makes states act the way they do.

This system, this anarchic system, determines the behavior of states.

And one of the examples that realists use to illustrate this, and we'll talk about here because this is a very good example,

is something called the security dilemma.

And the whole idea here is when states look out into the international system, and I'll just label these three more powerful states in the system,

A, B, and C.

When states look out into the system, they feel insecure.

So let's take state A.

It looks into the system and feels it's insecure.

There's no central authority, there's no police force, it needs to depend on itself for its own security, trust is difficult, it wants to survive,

and so as a result...

it will build up its military power.

And I'll just draw a little symbol there to express that.

And what state A is really doing is looking out in the system and saying, you know, we don't have any aggressive intent,

we don't want to attack anybody, but we can't trust anyone either, and we need to ensure our own security,

so we're going to build up our military to defend ourselves.

Now, State B looks at that and asks the question, why did State A do that?

Why did they increase their military?

Certainly, they realize that we have no aggressive intent towards them.

So, perhaps they're building up their military in order to attack us.

We can't take that chance.

It's a self -help system.

So, we better build up our own military in response.

State A then looks to that effort by State B to build up its military and asks the question, now why did they do that?

Surely they knew we have no aggressive intent towards them.

We were building up our military to defend ourselves, but then they go up and build their military up.

Why did they do that?

Maybe they're planning to attack us.

It's a self -help system.

So we better build up our military a little bit more in order to defend ourselves against State B.

State B then looks at that and goes, ha, why did they do that?

We increased our military just to defend ourselves, and now they've gone and increased their military some more.

We better do the same.

and then state A responds,

state B responds, and before you know it you've got an arms race between state A and state B.

Now meanwhile state C is looking at this and going what's going on?

These two countries are vastly increasing their military power.

We better do the same in case they're planning to attack us.

And before you know it you've got an arms race that's extended throughout the system.

And an arms race is a particularly extreme form or virulent example of the security dilemma.

And of course the dilemma here is that in their efforts to ensure their own security,

these states have now created an environment which is much more insecure than it was before.

I mean they're certainly no more secure than they were before

and arguably they're even less secure because this system is now much more hostile, much more filled with suspicion and distrust,

and could even lead to war.

So realists make the argument through the security dilemma as one example of how anarchy affects global politics.

The nature of the system, the character of the system, actually affects the behavior of states,

and it does so in a way that realists argue has examples throughout history.

So that was the concept of anarchy.

Now not everyone believes that realists are right when they describe the world as anarchic.

Most other theories have very different takes on how you would describe the international system and its fundamental characteristics. But clearly

if we do want to try to understand global politics realists do have a lot to tell us

and anarchy is one of the main contributions they make to this discussion.

I hope you enjoy this video.

Join me next time.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

影片中反覆出現的詞有：realists, military, anarchic, anarchy, argue。這段影片共有 93 個句子、1144 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 8:29。說話人語速平穩，每分鐘約 135 個詞，很適合跟讀。 87% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，其餘的詞建議在練習前先學一下。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
realist 名詞	/ˈɹɪəlɪst/	現實主義者 /現實主義者, 實在論者 /實在論者
anarchy 名詞	/ˈæn.ɚ.ki/	無政府狀態 /無政府狀態
insecure 形容詞	/ɪnsəˈkjʊɹ/	不安全的
dilemma 名詞	/daɪˈlɛmə/	困境, 進退兩難的境地 /進退兩難的境地
consequence 名詞	/ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/	後果 /後果, 結果 /結果
anarchism 名詞	/ˈænəɹˌkɪzəm/	無政府主義 /無政府主義
characterize 動詞	/ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/	塑造
distrust 名詞	/dɪsˈtɹʌst/	疑惑, 不信
obsess 動詞	/əbˈsɛs/	迷住, 著魔
realism 名詞	/ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/	現實主義 /現實主義
illustrate 動詞	/ˈɪl.əˌstɹeɪt/	舉例說明 /舉例說明, 闡明 /闡明
fundamentally 副詞		根本地, 從根本上
arguably 副詞	/ˈɑɹɡjuəbli/	按理說 /按理說, 可以說 /可以說
enforce 動詞	/ɪnˈfoɹs/	實施 /實施, 執行 /執行
suspicion 名詞	/səˈspɪʃ.ən/	嫌疑, 懷疑 /懷疑

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	釋義
come up 動詞	上來 /上來
go up 動詞	上昇 /上升, 上去

值得反覆跟讀的句子

影片中簡短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常對話裡：

Today we're looking at anarchy.
We're actually focused on global politics.
We can't take that chance.
Maybe they're planning to attack us.

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 25 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 they're, we're, I'm。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

長單詞——注意重音位置: anarchism /ˈænəɹˌkɪzəm/, characterize /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/, realism /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

/v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: virulent /ˈvɪɹ(j)ələnt/, vastly /ˈvæstli/
詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: realist /ˈɹɪəlɪst/, consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/, anarchist /ˈæn.ɑɹ.kɪst/, characterize /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/, distrust /dɪsˈtɹʌst/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: realist /ˈɹɪəlɪst/, virulent /ˈvɪɹ(j)ələnt/, realism /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/, illustrate /ˈɪl.əˌstɹeɪt/, arguably /ˈɑɹɡjuəbli/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
用正常速度逐句跟讀，每句重複到你的節奏與說話人一致為止。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 realist, anarchy, insecure 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: Anarchy - 通過影片學習英語口語

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