シャドーイング練習: Anarchy - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Hi, I'm Alan Sens and I'm sitting outside the International House at the University of British Columbia.

Welcome to the Global Politics instructional video series.

In this series, we're looking at a number of key concepts in the study of international relations and global politics.

Today we're looking at anarchy.

Now anarchy is important because anarchy is one of the core concepts in the theory of political realism.

Realists argue that the way global politics are

and the way global politics happens is all because it's an international anarchy that is to say,

the international system is anarchic.

And realists argue that this fundamentally determines the character of global politics, historically, today, and in the future.

So let's see what they mean.

Anarchy.

Now, when we think of anarchy,

often what comes up first is the idea of anarchism and anarchists of course are relevant in some contexts,

but we're not really interested in them right now.

We're actually focused on global politics.

So I'm going to draw an international system and I'm going to populate it with some states.

And I'll draw some very powerful states and some less powerful states and some even less powerful states.

Now, realists argue that this system is anarchic.

That is to say, it is characterized by anarchy, and they make that claim for two reasons.

First, there is no central authority in this system.

And what that really means is there's no world government.

There's no world government to establish rules, establish laws, or provide protection for anyone in the system.

The second reason this system is anarchic is that there is no world police force.

And as a result, there's no force to actually enforce rules or laws in this system.

Now, realists argue there's a number of consequences to this.

The first consequence is that states are very insecure in an anarchic environment,

and as a result, they are very concerned, obsessed, in fact, with survival, and that is their first and ultimate priority.

Second, realists argue that in this anarchic system,

states can really only rely on themselves for their own security.

And realists call this a self -help system.

And there's really only two ways states can help themselves to secure themselves against any threats,

and that's to increase their own military power or to form alliances.

Third, realists argue that in an anarchic system is extremely difficult to trust anyone.

So trust is difficult.

And as a result it's very difficult to promote cooperation.

Everyone in the system is worried about their own self -interests.

There's a lot of conflict in the system because it's

so difficult to establish long -term patterns of cooperation with others in an anarchic environment.

So realists argue that this anarchic structure makes states act the way they do.

This system, this anarchic system, determines the behavior of states.

And one of the examples that realists use to illustrate this, and we'll talk about here because this is a very good example,

is something called the security dilemma.

And the whole idea here is when states look out into the international system, and I'll just label these three more powerful states in the system,

A, B, and C.

When states look out into the system, they feel insecure.

So let's take state A.

It looks into the system and feels it's insecure.

There's no central authority, there's no police force, it needs to depend on itself for its own security, trust is difficult, it wants to survive,

and so as a result...

it will build up its military power.

And I'll just draw a little symbol there to express that.

And what state A is really doing is looking out in the system and saying, you know, we don't have any aggressive intent,

we don't want to attack anybody, but we can't trust anyone either, and we need to ensure our own security,

so we're going to build up our military to defend ourselves.

Now, State B looks at that and asks the question, why did State A do that?

Why did they increase their military?

Certainly, they realize that we have no aggressive intent towards them.

So, perhaps they're building up their military in order to attack us.

We can't take that chance.

It's a self -help system.

So, we better build up our own military in response.

State A then looks to that effort by State B to build up its military and asks the question, now why did they do that?

Surely they knew we have no aggressive intent towards them.

We were building up our military to defend ourselves, but then they go up and build their military up.

Why did they do that?

Maybe they're planning to attack us.

It's a self -help system.

So we better build up our military a little bit more in order to defend ourselves against State B.

State B then looks at that and goes, ha, why did they do that?

We increased our military just to defend ourselves, and now they've gone and increased their military some more.

We better do the same.

and then state A responds,

state B responds, and before you know it you've got an arms race between state A and state B.

Now meanwhile state C is looking at this and going what's going on?

These two countries are vastly increasing their military power.

We better do the same in case they're planning to attack us.

And before you know it you've got an arms race that's extended throughout the system.

And an arms race is a particularly extreme form or virulent example of the security dilemma.

And of course the dilemma here is that in their efforts to ensure their own security,

these states have now created an environment which is much more insecure than it was before.

I mean they're certainly no more secure than they were before

and arguably they're even less secure because this system is now much more hostile, much more filled with suspicion and distrust,

and could even lead to war.

So realists make the argument through the security dilemma as one example of how anarchy affects global politics.

The nature of the system, the character of the system, actually affects the behavior of states,

and it does so in a way that realists argue has examples throughout history.

So that was the concept of anarchy.

Now not everyone believes that realists are right when they describe the world as anarchic.

Most other theories have very different takes on how you would describe the international system and its fundamental characteristics. But clearly

if we do want to try to understand global politics realists do have a lot to tell us

and anarchy is one of the main contributions they make to this discussion.

I hope you enjoy this video.

Join me next time.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：realists, military, anarchic, anarchy, argue。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が93文、単語が1144語あります。音声の長さは8:29です。話す速さは1分あたり約135語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。単語の87%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画の中で特に難しい単語11語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
anarchy 名詞	/ˈæn.ɚ.ki/	無政府状態
dilemma 名詞	/daɪˈlɛmə/	ジレンマ
consequence 名詞	/ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/	結果
anarchism 名詞	/ˈænəɹˌkɪzəm/	無政府主義
distrust 名詞	/dɪsˈtɹʌst/	疑惑, 不信
obsess 動詞	/əbˈsɛs/	取り付く
realism 名詞	/ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/	現実主義, 写実主義
suspicion 名詞	/səˈspɪʃ.ən/	疑い, 嫌疑
characteristic 名詞	/ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/	特性, 特徴
hostile 形容詞	/ˈhɑstəl/	敵の, 敵対的な
historically 副詞	/hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/	歴史的

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	意味
come up 動詞	上がる, 登る
go up 動詞	上がる, 登る

繰り返し練習したい文

動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。

Today we're looking at anarchy.
We're actually focused on global politics.
We can't take that chance.
Maybe they're planning to attack us.

注意したい発音

話し手はthey're, we're, I'mなど、短縮形や弱形を25回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: anarchism /ˈænəɹˌkɪzəm/, characterize /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/, realism /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: realist /ˈɹɪəlɪst/, virulent /ˈvɪɹ(j)ələnt/, realism /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/, illustrate /ˈɪl.əˌstɹeɪt/, arguably /ˈɑɹɡjuəbli/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: virulent /ˈvɪɹ(j)ələnt/, vastly /ˈvæstli/
子音の連続 — 間に母音を入れない: realist /ˈɹɪəlɪst/, consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/, anarchist /ˈæn.ɑɹ.kɪst/, distrust /dɪsˈtɹʌst/, virulent /ˈvɪɹ(j)ələnt/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。anarchy, dilemma, consequenceなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: Anarchy - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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