Prática de Shadowing: Anarchy - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Hi, I'm Alan Sens and I'm sitting outside the International House at the University of British Columbia.
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Welcome to the Global Politics instructional video series.
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In this series, we're looking at a number of key concepts in the study of international relations and global politics.
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Today we're looking at anarchy.
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Now anarchy is important because anarchy is one of the core concepts in the theory of political realism.
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Realists argue that the way global politics are
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and the way global politics happens is all because it's an international anarchy that is to say,
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the international system is anarchic.
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And realists argue that this fundamentally determines the character of global politics, historically, today, and in the future.
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So let's see what they mean.
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Anarchy.
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Now, when we think of anarchy,
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often what comes up first is the idea of anarchism and anarchists of course are relevant in some contexts,
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but we're not really interested in them right now.
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We're actually focused on global politics.
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So I'm going to draw an international system and I'm going to populate it with some states.
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And I'll draw some very powerful states and some less powerful states and some even less powerful states.
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Now, realists argue that this system is anarchic.
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That is to say, it is characterized by anarchy, and they make that claim for two reasons.
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First, there is no central authority in this system.
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And what that really means is there's no world government.
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There's no world government to establish rules, establish laws, or provide protection for anyone in the system.
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The second reason this system is anarchic is that there is no world police force.
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And as a result, there's no force to actually enforce rules or laws in this system.
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Now, realists argue there's a number of consequences to this.
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The first consequence is that states are very insecure in an anarchic environment,
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and as a result, they are very concerned, obsessed, in fact, with survival, and that is their first and ultimate priority.
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Second, realists argue that in this anarchic system,
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states can really only rely on themselves for their own security.
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And realists call this a self -help system.
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And there's really only two ways states can help themselves to secure themselves against any threats,
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and that's to increase their own military power or to form alliances.
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Third, realists argue that in an anarchic system is extremely difficult to trust anyone.
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So trust is difficult.
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And as a result it's very difficult to promote cooperation.
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Everyone in the system is worried about their own self -interests.
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There's a lot of conflict in the system because it's
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so difficult to establish long -term patterns of cooperation with others in an anarchic environment.
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So realists argue that this anarchic structure makes states act the way they do.
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This system, this anarchic system, determines the behavior of states.
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And one of the examples that realists use to illustrate this, and we'll talk about here because this is a very good example,
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is something called the security dilemma.
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And the whole idea here is when states look out into the international system, and I'll just label these three more powerful states in the system,
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A, B, and C.
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When states look out into the system, they feel insecure.
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So let's take state A.
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It looks into the system and feels it's insecure.
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There's no central authority, there's no police force, it needs to depend on itself for its own security, trust is difficult, it wants to survive,
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and so as a result...
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it will build up its military power.
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And I'll just draw a little symbol there to express that.
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And what state A is really doing is looking out in the system and saying, you know, we don't have any aggressive intent,
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we don't want to attack anybody, but we can't trust anyone either, and we need to ensure our own security,
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so we're going to build up our military to defend ourselves.
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Now, State B looks at that and asks the question, why did State A do that?
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Why did they increase their military?
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Certainly, they realize that we have no aggressive intent towards them.
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So, perhaps they're building up their military in order to attack us.
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We can't take that chance.
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It's a self -help system.
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So, we better build up our own military in response.
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State A then looks to that effort by State B to build up its military and asks the question, now why did they do that?
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Surely they knew we have no aggressive intent towards them.
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We were building up our military to defend ourselves, but then they go up and build their military up.
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Why did they do that?
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Maybe they're planning to attack us.
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It's a self -help system.
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So we better build up our military a little bit more in order to defend ourselves against State B.
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State B then looks at that and goes, ha, why did they do that?
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We increased our military just to defend ourselves, and now they've gone and increased their military some more.
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We better do the same.
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and then state A responds,
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state B responds, and before you know it you've got an arms race between state A and state B.
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Now meanwhile state C is looking at this and going what's going on?
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These two countries are vastly increasing their military power.
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We better do the same in case they're planning to attack us.
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And before you know it you've got an arms race that's extended throughout the system.
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And an arms race is a particularly extreme form or virulent example of the security dilemma.
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And of course the dilemma here is that in their efforts to ensure their own security,
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these states have now created an environment which is much more insecure than it was before.
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I mean they're certainly no more secure than they were before
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and arguably they're even less secure because this system is now much more hostile, much more filled with suspicion and distrust,
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and could even lead to war.
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So realists make the argument through the security dilemma as one example of how anarchy affects global politics.
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The nature of the system, the character of the system, actually affects the behavior of states,
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and it does so in a way that realists argue has examples throughout history.
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So that was the concept of anarchy.
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Now not everyone believes that realists are right when they describe the world as anarchic.
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Most other theories have very different takes on how you would describe the international system and its fundamental characteristics. But clearly
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if we do want to try to understand global politics realists do have a lot to tell us
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and anarchy is one of the main contributions they make to this discussion.
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I hope you enjoy this video.
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Join me next time.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
As palavras que mais se repetem: realists, military, anarchic, anarchy, argue. Este vídeo tem 93 frases e 1144 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 8:29. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 135 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. 87% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| realist substantivo | /ˈɹɪəlɪst/ | realista |
| anarchy substantivo | /ˈæn.ɚ.ki/ | anarquia |
| insecure adjetivo | /ɪnsəˈkjʊɹ/ | inseguro |
| dilemma substantivo | /daɪˈlɛmə/ | dilema |
| consequence substantivo | /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/ | consequência, resultado |
| anarchism substantivo | /ˈænəɹˌkɪzəm/ | anarquismo |
| anarchist substantivo | /ˈæn.ɑɹ.kɪst/ | anarquista |
| characterize verbo | /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/ | caracterizar, caraterizar |
| distrust substantivo | /dɪsˈtɹʌst/ | desconfiança |
| populate verbo | /ˈpɒp.jʊˌleɪt/ | povoar |
| virulent adjetivo | /ˈvɪɹ(j)ələnt/ | virulento |
| instructional adjetivo | instrutivo, pedagógico | |
| realism substantivo | /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/ | realismo |
| illustrate verbo | /ˈɪl.əˌstɹeɪt/ | ilustrar |
| arguably advérbio | /ˈɑɹɡjuəbli/ | provavelmente, discutivelmente |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| go up verbo | subir |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- Today we're looking at anarchy.
- We're actually focused on global politics.
- We can't take that chance.
- Maybe they're planning to attack us.
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 25 contrações e formas reduzidas, como they're, we're, I'm. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: anarchism /ˈænəɹˌkɪzəm/, characterize /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/, realism /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: realist /ˈɹɪəlɪst/, anarchist /ˈæn.ɑɹ.kɪst/, distrust /dɪsˈtɹʌst/, populate /ˈpɒp.jʊˌleɪt/, virulent /ˈvɪɹ(j)ələnt/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: hostile /ˈhɑstəl/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como realist, anarchy, insecure.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.