跟读练习: Anarchy - 通过视频学习英语口语

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Hi, I'm Alan Sens and I'm sitting outside the International House at the University of British Columbia.

Welcome to the Global Politics instructional video series.

In this series, we're looking at a number of key concepts in the study of international relations and global politics.

Today we're looking at anarchy.

Now anarchy is important because anarchy is one of the core concepts in the theory of political realism.

Realists argue that the way global politics are

and the way global politics happens is all because it's an international anarchy that is to say,

the international system is anarchic.

And realists argue that this fundamentally determines the character of global politics, historically, today, and in the future.

So let's see what they mean.

Anarchy.

Now, when we think of anarchy,

often what comes up first is the idea of anarchism and anarchists of course are relevant in some contexts,

but we're not really interested in them right now.

We're actually focused on global politics.

So I'm going to draw an international system and I'm going to populate it with some states.

And I'll draw some very powerful states and some less powerful states and some even less powerful states.

Now, realists argue that this system is anarchic.

That is to say, it is characterized by anarchy, and they make that claim for two reasons.

First, there is no central authority in this system.

And what that really means is there's no world government.

There's no world government to establish rules, establish laws, or provide protection for anyone in the system.

The second reason this system is anarchic is that there is no world police force.

And as a result, there's no force to actually enforce rules or laws in this system.

Now, realists argue there's a number of consequences to this.

The first consequence is that states are very insecure in an anarchic environment,

and as a result, they are very concerned, obsessed, in fact, with survival, and that is their first and ultimate priority.

Second, realists argue that in this anarchic system,

states can really only rely on themselves for their own security.

And realists call this a self -help system.

And there's really only two ways states can help themselves to secure themselves against any threats,

and that's to increase their own military power or to form alliances.

Third, realists argue that in an anarchic system is extremely difficult to trust anyone.

So trust is difficult.

And as a result it's very difficult to promote cooperation.

Everyone in the system is worried about their own self -interests.

There's a lot of conflict in the system because it's

so difficult to establish long -term patterns of cooperation with others in an anarchic environment.

So realists argue that this anarchic structure makes states act the way they do.

This system, this anarchic system, determines the behavior of states.

And one of the examples that realists use to illustrate this, and we'll talk about here because this is a very good example,

is something called the security dilemma.

And the whole idea here is when states look out into the international system, and I'll just label these three more powerful states in the system,

A, B, and C.

When states look out into the system, they feel insecure.

So let's take state A.

It looks into the system and feels it's insecure.

There's no central authority, there's no police force, it needs to depend on itself for its own security, trust is difficult, it wants to survive,

and so as a result...

it will build up its military power.

And I'll just draw a little symbol there to express that.

And what state A is really doing is looking out in the system and saying, you know, we don't have any aggressive intent,

we don't want to attack anybody, but we can't trust anyone either, and we need to ensure our own security,

so we're going to build up our military to defend ourselves.

Now, State B looks at that and asks the question, why did State A do that?

Why did they increase their military?

Certainly, they realize that we have no aggressive intent towards them.

So, perhaps they're building up their military in order to attack us.

We can't take that chance.

It's a self -help system.

So, we better build up our own military in response.

State A then looks to that effort by State B to build up its military and asks the question, now why did they do that?

Surely they knew we have no aggressive intent towards them.

We were building up our military to defend ourselves, but then they go up and build their military up.

Why did they do that?

Maybe they're planning to attack us.

It's a self -help system.

So we better build up our military a little bit more in order to defend ourselves against State B.

State B then looks at that and goes, ha, why did they do that?

We increased our military just to defend ourselves, and now they've gone and increased their military some more.

We better do the same.

and then state A responds,

state B responds, and before you know it you've got an arms race between state A and state B.

Now meanwhile state C is looking at this and going what's going on?

These two countries are vastly increasing their military power.

We better do the same in case they're planning to attack us.

And before you know it you've got an arms race that's extended throughout the system.

And an arms race is a particularly extreme form or virulent example of the security dilemma.

And of course the dilemma here is that in their efforts to ensure their own security,

these states have now created an environment which is much more insecure than it was before.

I mean they're certainly no more secure than they were before

and arguably they're even less secure because this system is now much more hostile, much more filled with suspicion and distrust,

and could even lead to war.

So realists make the argument through the security dilemma as one example of how anarchy affects global politics.

The nature of the system, the character of the system, actually affects the behavior of states,

and it does so in a way that realists argue has examples throughout history.

So that was the concept of anarchy.

Now not everyone believes that realists are right when they describe the world as anarchic.

Most other theories have very different takes on how you would describe the international system and its fundamental characteristics. But clearly

if we do want to try to understand global politics realists do have a lot to tell us

and anarchy is one of the main contributions they make to this discussion.

I hope you enjoy this video.

Join me next time.

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本课的词汇与口语要点

视频中反复出现的词有：realists, military, anarchic, anarchy, argue。这段视频共有 93 个句子、1144 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 8:29。说话人语速平稳，每分钟约 135 个词，很适合跟读。 87% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中最难的 15 个单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
realist 名词	/ˈɹɪəlɪst/	現實主義者 /现实主义者, 實在論者 /实在论者
anarchy 名词	/ˈæn.ɚ.ki/	無政府狀態 /无政府状态
insecure 形容词	/ɪnsəˈkjʊɹ/	不安全的
dilemma 名词	/daɪˈlɛmə/	困境, 進退兩難的境地 /进退两难的境地
consequence 名词	/ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/	後果 /后果, 結果 /结果
anarchism 名词	/ˈænəɹˌkɪzəm/	無政府主義 /无政府主义
characterize 动词	/ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/	塑造
distrust 名词	/dɪsˈtɹʌst/	疑惑, 不信
obsess 动词	/əbˈsɛs/	迷住, 著魔
realism 名词	/ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/	現實主義 /现实主义
illustrate 动词	/ˈɪl.əˌstɹeɪt/	舉例說明 /举例说明, 闡明 /阐明
fundamentally 副词		根本地, 从根本上
arguably 副词	/ˈɑɹɡjuəbli/	按理說 /按理说, 可以說 /可以说
enforce 动词	/ɪnˈfoɹs/	實施 /实施, 執行 /执行
suspicion 名词	/səˈspɪʃ.ən/	嫌疑, 懷疑 /怀疑

视频中出现的短语动词

单词	释义
come up 动词	上來 /上来
go up 动词	上昇 /上升, 上去

值得反复跟读的句子

视频中简短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常对话里：

Today we're looking at anarchy.
We're actually focused on global politics.
We can't take that chance.
Maybe they're planning to attack us.

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 25 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 they're, we're, I'm。请按听到的简短形式来说。

长单词——注意重音位置: anarchism /ˈænəɹˌkɪzəm/, characterize /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/, realism /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/

中文母语者容易读错的音：

/v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: virulent /ˈvɪɹ(j)ələnt/, vastly /ˈvæstli/
词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: realist /ˈɹɪəlɪst/, consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/, anarchist /ˈæn.ɑɹ.kɪst/, characterize /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/, distrust /dɪsˈtɹʌst/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: realist /ˈɹɪəlɪst/, virulent /ˈvɪɹ(j)ələnt/, realism /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/, illustrate /ˈɪl.əˌstɹeɪt/, arguably /ˈɑɹɡjuəbli/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
用正常速度逐句跟读，每句重复到你的节奏与说话人一致为止。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 realist, anarchy, insecure 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

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跟读练习: Anarchy - 通过视频学习英语口语

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