शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Anarchy - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
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हर मोड पूरी स्क्रीन का अभ्यास कक्ष खोलता है।
93 वाक्य
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Hi, I'm Alan Sens and I'm sitting outside the International House at the University of British Columbia.
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Welcome to the Global Politics instructional video series.
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In this series, we're looking at a number of key concepts in the study of international relations and global politics.
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Today we're looking at anarchy.
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Now anarchy is important because anarchy is one of the core concepts in the theory of political realism.
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Realists argue that the way global politics are
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and the way global politics happens is all because it's an international anarchy that is to say,
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the international system is anarchic.
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And realists argue that this fundamentally determines the character of global politics, historically, today, and in the future.
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So let's see what they mean.
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Anarchy.
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Now, when we think of anarchy,
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often what comes up first is the idea of anarchism and anarchists of course are relevant in some contexts,
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but we're not really interested in them right now.
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We're actually focused on global politics.
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So I'm going to draw an international system and I'm going to populate it with some states.
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And I'll draw some very powerful states and some less powerful states and some even less powerful states.
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Now, realists argue that this system is anarchic.
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That is to say, it is characterized by anarchy, and they make that claim for two reasons.
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First, there is no central authority in this system.
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And what that really means is there's no world government.
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There's no world government to establish rules, establish laws, or provide protection for anyone in the system.
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The second reason this system is anarchic is that there is no world police force.
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And as a result, there's no force to actually enforce rules or laws in this system.
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Now, realists argue there's a number of consequences to this.
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The first consequence is that states are very insecure in an anarchic environment,
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and as a result, they are very concerned, obsessed, in fact, with survival, and that is their first and ultimate priority.
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Second, realists argue that in this anarchic system,
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states can really only rely on themselves for their own security.
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And realists call this a self -help system.
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And there's really only two ways states can help themselves to secure themselves against any threats,
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and that's to increase their own military power or to form alliances.
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Third, realists argue that in an anarchic system is extremely difficult to trust anyone.
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So trust is difficult.
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And as a result it's very difficult to promote cooperation.
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Everyone in the system is worried about their own self -interests.
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There's a lot of conflict in the system because it's
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so difficult to establish long -term patterns of cooperation with others in an anarchic environment.
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So realists argue that this anarchic structure makes states act the way they do.
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This system, this anarchic system, determines the behavior of states.
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And one of the examples that realists use to illustrate this, and we'll talk about here because this is a very good example,
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is something called the security dilemma.
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And the whole idea here is when states look out into the international system, and I'll just label these three more powerful states in the system,
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A, B, and C.
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When states look out into the system, they feel insecure.
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So let's take state A.
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It looks into the system and feels it's insecure.
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There's no central authority, there's no police force, it needs to depend on itself for its own security, trust is difficult, it wants to survive,
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and so as a result...
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it will build up its military power.
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And I'll just draw a little symbol there to express that.
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And what state A is really doing is looking out in the system and saying, you know, we don't have any aggressive intent,
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we don't want to attack anybody, but we can't trust anyone either, and we need to ensure our own security,
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so we're going to build up our military to defend ourselves.
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Now, State B looks at that and asks the question, why did State A do that?
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Why did they increase their military?
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Certainly, they realize that we have no aggressive intent towards them.
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So, perhaps they're building up their military in order to attack us.
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We can't take that chance.
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It's a self -help system.
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So, we better build up our own military in response.
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State A then looks to that effort by State B to build up its military and asks the question, now why did they do that?
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Surely they knew we have no aggressive intent towards them.
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We were building up our military to defend ourselves, but then they go up and build their military up.
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Why did they do that?
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Maybe they're planning to attack us.
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It's a self -help system.
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So we better build up our military a little bit more in order to defend ourselves against State B.
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State B then looks at that and goes, ha, why did they do that?
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We increased our military just to defend ourselves, and now they've gone and increased their military some more.
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We better do the same.
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and then state A responds,
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state B responds, and before you know it you've got an arms race between state A and state B.
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Now meanwhile state C is looking at this and going what's going on?
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These two countries are vastly increasing their military power.
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We better do the same in case they're planning to attack us.
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And before you know it you've got an arms race that's extended throughout the system.
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And an arms race is a particularly extreme form or virulent example of the security dilemma.
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And of course the dilemma here is that in their efforts to ensure their own security,
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these states have now created an environment which is much more insecure than it was before.
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I mean they're certainly no more secure than they were before
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and arguably they're even less secure because this system is now much more hostile, much more filled with suspicion and distrust,
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and could even lead to war.
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So realists make the argument through the security dilemma as one example of how anarchy affects global politics.
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The nature of the system, the character of the system, actually affects the behavior of states,
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and it does so in a way that realists argue has examples throughout history.
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So that was the concept of anarchy.
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Now not everyone believes that realists are right when they describe the world as anarchic.
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Most other theories have very different takes on how you would describe the international system and its fundamental characteristics. But clearly
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if we do want to try to understand global politics realists do have a lot to tell us
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and anarchy is one of the main contributions they make to this discussion.
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I hope you enjoy this video.
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Join me next time.
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: realists, military, anarchic, anarchy, argue। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 93 वाक्य और 1144 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 8:29 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 135 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्थिर गति से बोलता है, जो शैडोइंग के लिए आरामदायक है। 87% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं; बाकी शब्द अभ्यास से पहले देख लेना अच्छा रहेगा।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 9 सबसे कठिन शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
| शब्द | उच्चारण | अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| anarchy संज्ञा | /ˈæn.ɚ.ki/ | अराजकता |
| insecure विशेषण | /ɪnsəˈkjʊɹ/ | असुरक्षित |
| dilemma संज्ञा | /daɪˈlɛmə/ | दुविधा, संशय |
| consequence संज्ञा | /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/ | परिणाम, नतीजा |
| anarchism संज्ञा | /ˈænəɹˌkɪzəm/ | अराजकतावाद |
| anarchist संज्ञा | /ˈæn.ɑɹ.kɪst/ | अराजकतावादी |
| illustrate क्रिया | /ˈɪl.əˌstɹeɪt/ | स्पष्टीकरण, वाख्या |
| suspicion संज्ञा | /səˈspɪʃ.ən/ | शक, संदेह |
| hostile विशेषण | /ˈhɑstəl/ | शत्रुतापूर्ण, अहित |
दोहराने लायक वाक्य
वीडियो के छोटे, पूरे वाक्य जिन्हें आप रोज़ की बातचीत में इस्तेमाल कर सकते हैं:
- Today we're looking at anarchy.
- We're actually focused on global politics.
- We can't take that chance.
- Maybe they're planning to attack us.
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
वक्ता 25 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे they're, we're, I'm। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: anarchism /ˈænəɹˌkɪzəm/, characterize /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/, realism /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/
हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:
- /v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/, virulent /ˈvɪɹ(j)ələnt/, vastly /ˈvæstli/
- /z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: anarchism /ˈænəɹˌkɪzəm/, characterize /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/, realism /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/
- /æ/ — “ऐ” से ज़्यादा खुला: anarchy /ˈæn.ɚ.ki/, anarchism /ˈænəɹˌkɪzəm/, anarchist /ˈæn.ɑɹ.kɪst/, vastly /ˈvæstli/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- सामान्य गति पर एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें और हर वाक्य तब तक दोहराएँ जब तक आपकी लय वक्ता से न मिल जाए।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर anarchy, insecure, dilemma जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।