Pratique du Shadowing: 2012: SpaceX: Elon Musk's race to space - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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60 Minutes Rewind In the history of spaceflight,
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only four entities have launched a space capsule into orbit and successfully brought it back to the Earth.
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The United States, Russia, China, and Elon Musk.
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Mr. Musk is a wealthy internet entrepreneur who has vowed to revolutionize space exploration by bringing down the astronomical costs.
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And that can't happen fast enough for NASA,
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which retired the shuttle last summer and now has to pay its old rival Russia to fly American astronauts into space.
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Musk is one of the contenders vying for a NASA contract to build America's next manned spacecraft,
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a contest he believes he has the right stuff to win.
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When the final shuttle mission ended last July, for the first time in three decades, the United States had no way to launch astronauts into space.
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It was the end of one era and the beginning of another.
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Instead of NASA designing the next manned spacecraft, the White House decided that private industry should design,
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build and fly it, opening space to commercial development.
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One of the companies vying for that contract is SpaceX.
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Elon Musk is the founder and CEO.
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What we are experiencing at this moment in time, the turning point in man's reach for space,
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going from governments to private companies like yours?
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I think we're at the dawn of a new era, and I think it's going to be very exciting.
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What we're hoping to do with SpaceX is to push the envelope
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and provide a reason for people to be excited and inspired to be human.
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Musk is 40 years old, a naturalized American citizen, and reportedly worth nearly $2 billion.
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He isn't your typical corporate CEO.
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As a teenager, he wrote computer games in his native South Africa before immigrating to the U.S and to Silicon Valley,
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where he was one of the most successful internet entrepreneurs, the co-founder of PayPal.
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Ladies and gentlemen, Mr. Elon Musk!
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Despite a chorus of skeptics,
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Musk built a car company called Tesla called Tesla that turns out 5,000 high-end all-electric cars a year.
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Another Musk company sells solar power systems.
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But his lifelong passion is space.
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And when eBay bought PayPal in 2002, Musk started looking for ways to launch his new fortune into orbit.
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I went to Russia to look at buying a refurbished ICBM, which is a very trippy experience.
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It was very bizarre.
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And when I tell people that, they're like, what?
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Musk made three trips to Russia trying to buy an intercontinental ballistic missile called the Dnieper.
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His plan was bizarre.
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Put a greenhouse on the rocket, landed on Mars, and beamed back the pictures.
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It would get people really excited, and that would recharge human space exploration.
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That was my original idea.
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You just wanted to get people interested in space again?
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Yes.
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Capture the imagination?
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Yes.
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That was the idea.
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Turns out the Dnieper was so expensive his idea never flew
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so musk decided that the only way to get an affordable rocket was to build it himself
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and he started spacex the odds of me coming into the
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rocket business not knowing anything about rockets not having ever built anything i mean i would have to be insane
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if i thought the odds are in my favor why even begin
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when something is important enough you do it even though the It's not in your favor.
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How much of your personal fortune have you poured into this?
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A hundred million dollars.
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A hundred million dollars into something that you did not believe would work at the beginning.
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Yes.
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Musk truly believes that low-cost space exploration is essential to the survival of mankind.
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I think it's important that humanity become a multi-planet species.
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I think most people would agree that a future where we are a spacefaring civilization is inspiring and exciting
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compared with one where we are forever confined to Earth until some eventual extinction event.
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That's really why I started SpaceX.
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SpaceX is housed in a sprawling factory near Los Angeles where fuselages for Boeing 747s used to be built.
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From its beginning ten years ago, its goal has been revolutionary change in rocket and spacecraft manufacturing.
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Now, tell me, what's that big piece right up there?
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That's the second stage of a Falcon 9 rocket.
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Instead of multiple companies building parts all across the country, SpaceX builds most of its rockets and spacecraft in-house,
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based on Musk's belief that it's more efficient and lowers costs.
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1,400 engineers and skilled technicians work here, building engines, rockets, space capsules,
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creating mostly from scratch the thousands of components that are the guts of a rocket.
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So what that means is raw metal comes in and then we build the engines,
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the airframe, the electronics and we integrate all of that together and that's all done more or less under one roof.
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Metal comes in one end of this factory, spaceships come out the other.
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Final assembly takes place at the Cape Canaveral launch pad.
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If the margin is there and we don't have margin to the fourth power, that's fine.
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Musk has college degrees in business and physics, but SpaceX is his first venture in aerospace.
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He bills himself as chief designer and chief technology officer.
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How did you get the expertise to be the chief technology officer of a rocket ship company?
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Well, I do have a physics background.
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That's helpful as a foundation.
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And then I read a lot of books and talked to a lot of smart people.
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You're self-taught?
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Yeah.
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Well, self-taught, yes, meaning I don't have an aerospace degree.
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So how did you go about acquiring the knowledge?
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Well, like I said, I read a lot of books, talked to a lot of people, and have a great team.
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His team is a mixture.
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There are newcomers, mostly 30-something engineers, some of them straight out of college, and then there are the skilled technicians
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and aerospace veterans former NASA astronaut Garrett Reisman spent three months aboard the space station
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and flew on one of the final shuttle missions.
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He was brought in to help oversee the company's manned space work.
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You know, I'm curious, you have so much background in engineering.
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You could have easily gotten a job at Boeing or at Lockheed, but you came here.
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If you had a chance to go back in time and work with Howard Hughes when he was creating TWA,
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If you had a chance to be there at that moment when it was the dawn of a brand new era, wouldn't you want to do that?
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I mean, that's why I'm here.
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And that's why most of the engineers we met are here.
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Building spaceships is the chance of a lifetime.
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If you reach the point of having a successful manned flight, what will you have proven?
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We're not doing it to prove anything.
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You know, we know it can be done.
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We're just trying to do it a little bit differently, a little bit faster and to push the fence a little bit farther out.
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And then we can all go, I mean, I want to go into space.
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I assume most people here do as well.
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How many want to ride?
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Uh-huh, okay.
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Everybody wants to go.
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I'm not so sure.
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Four, three, two, one.
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Four years after starting, SpaceX rolled out its first rocket, an unmanned booster called the Falcon 1.
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Falcon has cleared the tower.
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But the first three test flights failed to reach orbit.
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We are hearing from the launch control center that there has been an anomaly on the vehicle.
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When you had that third failure in a row, did you think, I need to pack this in?
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Never.
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Why not?
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I don't ever give up.
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I mean, I'd have to be dead or completely incapacitated.
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It turned out that the third failure was caused by a two-second glitch in the timing.
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Eight weeks later, Musk bet the company on another flight.
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We have liftoff.
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And this time around, everything worked.
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Perfect.
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If that fourth launch hadn't worked, that would have been it.
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We would have not had the resources to mount a fifth.
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You couldn't have gone out at that point?
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Yes, death would have been, I think, inevitable because we did not have the resources to mount a fifth launch.
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This is a tricky business.
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It's tricky.
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Yeah, I wish it wasn't so hard.
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The story will continue after this.
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In 2010, SpaceX tested a larger,
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more powerful nine-engine rocket called the Falcon 9 and an unmanned cargo capsule known as Dragon.
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It was the first privately developed rocket designed to carry cargo and eventually astronauts to the space station.
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MBAC ignition confirmed.
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3.2 kilometers per second.
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In its first test flight, the Dragon capsule performed flawlessly, orbiting the Earth twice before splashdown in the Pacific,
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the first time a private company had launched and recovered its own spacecraft.
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And this is a historic spacecraft?
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It is, yeah.
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We came across the Dragon capsule while Musk was showing us around.
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You know what I noticed about your cargo ship is that it has windows.
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Yeah, absolutely.
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The windows are there in case there's an astronaut on board who wants to look out.
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But people don't put windows in cargo ships.
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That's right, exactly.
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So what that tells me is that this was never intended to be only a cargo ship.
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No, the Dragon was always designed to carry astronauts.
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Musk says a manned version of the Dragon capsule will be safer than the space shuttle and a lot cheaper.
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Engineers are already designing escape rockets, life support equipment, and computer guidance systems.
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They were studying seating for seven when we were there.
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Do you believe
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that your rocket will be the next american rocket to take an astronaut into space i believe
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that is the most likely outcome yes
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that sort of confidence has not exactly endeared him to the space establishment
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or to his competitors there are people who've been in the rocketry business for decades yeah who say about you
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that you don't know
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what you don't know well i suppose that's true of anyone how can anyone know what they don't know
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when critics say you can't do this your answer to them
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is we've done it he's done it in partnership with nasa
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which has given spacex technical advice
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and a contract worth up to 1.6 billion dollars mostly for 12 cargo flights to the space station
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but spacex's lack of experience bothers some nasa legends like Apollo astronauts Neil Armstrong and Gene Cernan.
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They've testified to Congress that the Obama administration's drive to commercialize space could compromise safety and eventually cost the taxpayers.
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Now is the time to overrule this administration's pledge to mediocrity.
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You know, there are American heroes who don't like this idea.
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Neil Armstrong, Gene Cernan have both testified against commercial spaceflight in the way that you're developing it.
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And I wonder what you think of that.
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I was very sad to see that because those guys are, yeah, you know, those guys are heroes of mine, so it's really tough.
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You know, I wish they would come and visit and see the hardware that we're doing here.
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And I think that would change their mind.
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They inspired you to do this, didn't they?
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Yes.
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and to see them casting stones in your direction?
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It's difficult.
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Did you expect them to cheer you on?
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So they're hoping they would.
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What are you trying to prove to them?
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What I'm trying to do is to make a significant difference in spaceflight and help make spaceflight accessible to almost anyone.
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And I would hope for as much support in that direction as we can receive.
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President Obama made his support clear when he visited SpaceX's launch site just before Falcon 9's first test flight.
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As this animation shows, Elon Musk's next flight will be far more ambitious, carrying cargo all the way to the space station.
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It was scheduled to fly in February, but it's taken longer than expected to perfect the flight software.
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The flight will be a complicated rendezvous with a space station that is moving 17,000 miles an hour, 240 miles above the Earth.
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Okay, so it looks like our burn performance is nominal.
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In the SpaceX mission control, flight simulations are continuing.
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And if all goes well, SpaceX will begin routine space station cargo deliveries later this year.
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But the big prize is winning the NASA contract to build America's next manned spacecraft.
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and Elon Musk is facing stiff competition.
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I'm probably not the guy that most people would bet on. Who wins?
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It's like a little kid fighting a bunch of sumo wrestlers.
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Usually the sumo wrestlers win.
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We're a little scrappy company.
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Every now and again, a little scrappy company wins.
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And I think this will be one of those times.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau B2 s’appuie sur la vidéo « 2012: SpaceX: Elon Musk's race to space ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : space, musk, rocket, spacex, flight. Cette vidéo contient 190 phrases et 2151 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 14:30. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 148 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. Seuls 79 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| musk nom | /mʌsk/ | musc |
| astronaut nom | /ˈæstɹəˌnɔt/ | astronaute |
| cargo nom | /ˈkɑɹɡoʊ/ | cargaison |
| spacecraft nom | /ˈspeɪsˌkɹæft/ | astronef, spationef |
| capsule nom | /ˈkæps(ə)l/ | capsule |
| shuttle nom | /ˈʃʌtəl/ | navette |
| orbit nom | /ˈɔɹ.bɪt/ | orbite |
| inspire verbe | /ɪnˈspaɪə(ɹ)/ | inspirer |
| exploration nom | /ˌɛkspləˈɹeɪʃən/ | exploration |
| excite verbe | /ɪkˈsaɪt/ | exciter |
| scrappy adjectif | /ˈskɹæpi/ | désordonné |
| spaceship nom | vaisseau spatial, astronef | |
| sumo nom | /ˈsuːməʊ/ | sumo |
| unmanned adjectif | /ʌnˈmænd/ | sans équipage |
| vie verbe | /vaɪ/ | concourir, rivaliser |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| turn out verbe | se finir, se terminer | |
| come across verbe | avoir l'air de | |
| come out verbe | /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ | sortir |
| give up verbe | se rendre | |
| look out verbe | prendre garde | |
| roll out verbe | déployer, sortir |
Des phrases à répéter
Des phrases courtes et complètes de la vidéo, à réutiliser dans la conversation de tous les jours :
- And when I tell people that, they're like, what?
- You couldn't have gone out at that point?
- They inspired you to do this, didn't they?
- Did you expect them to cheer you on?
- What are you trying to prove to them?
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | have launched · has vowed · has been |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | is housed · was brought · can be done |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 35 contractions et formes réduites, comme don't, we're, I'm. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: shuttle /ˈʃʌtəl/, exploration /ˌɛkspləˈɹeɪʃən/, technician /tɛkˈnɪʃən/, commercialize /kəˈmɚʃəˌlaɪz/, fuselage /ˈfjuːzəˌlɑːʒ/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: exploration /ˌɛkspləˈɹeɪʃən/, entrepreneur /ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/, anomaly /əˈnɑ.mə.li/, astronomical /ˌæs.tɹəˈnɑm.ɪ.kəl/, commercialize /kəˈmɚʃəˌlaɪz/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: glitch /ˈɡlɪt͡ʃ/, naturalize /ˈnæt͡ʃəɹəˌlaɪz/, recharge /ɹiːˈtʃɑː(ɹ)dʒ/, eventual /ɪˈvɛn.t͡ʃu.əl/, pledge /plɛd͡ʒ/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: astronaut /ˈæstɹəˌnɔt/, cargo /ˈkɑɹɡoʊ/, spacecraft /ˈspeɪsˌkɹæft/, orbit /ˈɔɹ.bɪt/, aerospace /ˈɛɹ.oʊˌspeɪs/
- /ŋ/ final — sans prononcer de /g/ après: spacefaring /ˈspeɪsfæɹɪŋ/, lifelong /ˈlaɪf.lɔːŋ/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme musk, astronaut, cargo.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.