Pratique du Shadowing: Remembering and Forgetting: Crash Course Psychology #14 - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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142 phrases
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It was midnight when Bernice got off work.
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She was exhausted after a long and terrible day and just wanted to get home to a hot bath.
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She was driving down the street, flipping through radio stations when she pulled up to a stop sign and saw something weird.
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A shadowy figure ran up to an idling fruit truck, pushed the delivery man down, grabbed a crate of bananas, and ran off around the corner.
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Bernice was pretty shaken up, but she made sure the driver was okay and then she called the police, describing the thief as a pale,
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lanky man wearing a dark jacket and a baseball cap.
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She gave the cops her information, and then she went home.
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A couple of days later, the police asked her to come down to the station to identify a potential thief,
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a guy who more or less matched her description and was found eating a banana early that morning, near the scene of the crime.
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Although the guy professed innocence, Bernice said it was him, and they locked him up.
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But at the trial, the defense called a memory expert to the stand, and soon after that, the suspect walked.
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Today's lesson may not make you an expert worthy of the witness stand, But by the time we're done,
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you'll understand a lot more about how we retrieve memories we think we've stored, and why the accused
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Banana Thief was set free.
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We're all constantly retrieving memories throughout the day.
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You're remembering where you parked your car, or if you fed the cat, or called your mom because it's a birthday.
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You'll remember from last week that while our implicit memories,
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like how to talk and ride a bike are dealt with on a mostly automatic and non -conscious level.
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Our explicit memories, the chronicles of our personal experiences and general knowledge, often require conscious, effortful work.
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Her niece had to notice, encode, store, and later consciously retrieve details about the crime she witnessed.
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What color was the guy's jacket?
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What did he look like?
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What did he steal?
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And where did he run?
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It takes a lot of work to retrieve memories from long -term storage, and the truth is, a lot can go wrong along the way way.
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In order to understand all the many fascinating ways you forget things, we need to talk more about how we remember.
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Our memories are not like books in the library of your mind.
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You don't just pluck a neatly packaged memory right off the shelf about where you left your phone
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or the hair color of a fruit thief.
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Instead, your memories are more like the spiderwebs in the dank catacombs of your mind, a series of interconnected associations
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that link all sorts of diverse things as bits of information get stuck to other bits of information.
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Like, maybe Bernice remembers that the night of the crime was chilly with a full moon
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and that Beyonce was on the radio and the fruit truck had plates from California, which is where her grandfather lives.
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All those bits of information in the web of memory, the weather, the song, the plates, can serve as retrieval cues,
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kind of like a trail of breadcrumbs leading back to a particular memory.
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The more retrieval cues you inadvertently or intentionally build along the way, the better you can backtrack and find the memory you're looking for.
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This way of activating associations non -consciously is called priming sometimes called memoryless memory.
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It's how invisible memories that you didn't know you had can awaken old associations.
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Priming is often how you jog your memory.
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This kind of recall is sometimes referred to as context -dependent memory.
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Say you're reading in bed, and you want to underline a quote, but you don't have a pen.
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Well, you get up, and you go to the other room to find your special light -up
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Hello Kitty pen, but you get distracted, and suddenly you find yourself in the kitchen, and you're like, Why?
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Why, mind?
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Why am I in the kitchen?
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What is here?
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Why am I?
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There was a re - and I don't know, but I'm here now, and, uh.
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It's only when you retrace your steps
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and return to bed to the initial context where you read
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that quote and encoded that first thought of wanting that pen that the memory comes back.
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And then you're like, oh, I need to go get the pen.
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If some memories are context -dependent, others are state -dependent, and also mood -congruent.
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This just means that our states and our emotions can also serve as retrieval cues.
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If I had a throbbing headache and a super bad day, I'm more likely to start recalling bad memories because I'm priming negative associations.
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But of course, if I'm relaxed and jolly, I'm prone to remember happy times and prolonging my good mood.
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Another funny memory retrieval quirk speaks not to our location or emotions, but to the order in which we receive new information.
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So, say you make a grocery list in the morning, but a few hours later, you're at the store, you realize you left it at home.
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You'd be more likely to recall the first items on the list, bananas and bread, and the last items,
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pickles and cheese, than anything in the middle.
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This is known as the cereal position effect.
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This might be because the early words benefited from what's known as the primacy effect,
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and made it into your long -term memory because they were rehearsed more.
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Meanwhile, the last words lingered in the working memory through the recency effect.
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But those poor middle words, they didn't benefit from either effect and therefore escaped your brain, which is why you now have no toilet paper,
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dog food, toothpaste, or cookies.
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Who forgets cookies?
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But even with all these tricks and associations, things still go wrong memory can fail or become distorted.
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And, of course, we forget things.
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Forgetfulness can be as minor as those frustrating moments where you're like, ah, it's on the tip of my tongue,
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it's the guy, the guy's got a hair and a face and, like, shoulders.
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Or as major as Clive Waring, whose neurological damage made it impossible for him to recall the past or create new memories.
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Of course, we all forget things, and typically...
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We do it in one of three different ways.
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We fail to encode it, we fail to retrieve it, or we experience what psychologists call storage decay.
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Sometimes forgetting something just means it never really got through your encoding process in the first place.
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I mean, think of all the stuff that's going on around you at any given moment.
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We only actually notice a fraction of what we sense,
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and we can only consciously hold so many bits of information in our minds at any given time.
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So what we fail to notice, we tend to not encode, and thus don't remember.
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Bernice noticed a dark jacket, Beyonce, and bananas, but she didn't encode much about the driver or the color of the thief's shoes.
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Then again, even memories that have been encoded are still vulnerable to storage decay, or natural forgetting over time.
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Interestingly, even though we can forget things pretty quickly, the amount of data that we forget can actually level off after a while.
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This means that Bernice would have forgotten about half of what she first noticed from the crime scene a couple days later.
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But what she's still remembered, she'd likely hang onto, because the rate at which we forget tends to plateau.
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A lot of times forgetting doesn't mean our memory just faded to black, it means we can't call it up on demand because of retrieval failure.
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We all know the common tip of the tongue phenomenon where you feel like you know the name of
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that weird looking hard backed animal that rolls up into a ball, it's kinda cute and weird and I think they get leprosy or something,
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but what is it?
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That's where retrieval cues can come in handy.
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If I say to you it starts with the letter A, suddenly armadillo!
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Sometimes these retrieval problems stem from interference from other memories getting in the way, essentially cluttering the brain.
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Sometimes old stuff that you've learned keeps you from recalling new stuff,
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like if you change one of your passwords but keep recalling an old one every time you want to log in.
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That's called proactive, or forward -acting interference.
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The flip side of that is retroactive, or backward -acting interference, which happens when new learning gets in the way of recalling old information,
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like if you start studying Spanish, it may interfere with the French that you've already learned.
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There's a lot of reconstruction and inferring involved when you try to flesh out a memory, and every time you replay it in your mind,
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or relate it to a friend, it changes.
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Just a little.
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So, in a way, we're all sort of perpetually rewriting our pasts.
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While this is an inevitable part of human nature, it can prove dangerous at times.
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Misleading information can get incorporated into a memory and twist the truth, and yes, there's an effect for this.
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It's called the misinformation effect.
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American psychologist and memory expert Elizabeth Loftus has spent decades showing how eyewitnesses inadvertently tweak
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and reconstruct their memories after accidents or crimes.
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In one experiment, two groups watched a film of a car accident.
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Those asked how fast the cars were going
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when they smashed into each other estimated much higher speeds than those who were asked about the cars hitting each other.
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Smash is the leading word that essentially altered the witnesses' memories.
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So much so that a week later, when both groups were asked if they saw any broken glass,
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those Those who heard the word smash were twice as likely to report seeing bits of glass when, in fact, the original film didn't show any.
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In Bernice's case, chances are her memory of the robbery would be altered if the prosecution said the thief assaulted, rather than pushed the driver.
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This sort of interfering or misleading information may also manifest itself as source misattribution, like when you forget or misrecall the source of a memory.
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In the case of Bernice, when she saw the suspect in the courtroom, she thought she recognized him from the night of the crime,
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when in reality, he'd just served a coffee earlier that day.
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But her memory of the event had probably already been tweaked several times before she even made it into the courtroom.
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Like, she relived the tale multiple times in her own mind in which she told other people about it, and every time she introduced errors,
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filling in memory gaps with reasonable guesses.
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Not only that, but we know Bernice was already tired and stressed when she witnessed the event,
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and we know our emotions can influence whether we remember or whether we forget.
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Because memory is both a reconstruction and a reproduction of past events, we can't ever really be sure if a memory is real,
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just because it feels real.
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Elizabeth Loftus knows this.
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She's frequently called in to testify against the accuracy of eyewitnesses.
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In fact, of all the U .S prisoners who have been exonerated based on DNA evidence presented by the Innocence Project, a non -profit legal group,
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75 % of them were convicted by mistaken eyewitnesses.
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That is a lot of innocent people.
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Bernice meant well, of course.
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She's an honest lady, but all those factors, the emotion, the retelling, the suggestions of outside sources, combined with the darkness, the quick glimpse,
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the passing of time, maybe even the Beyonce, ended up leading to a mistake in the thief's identification.
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Turns out, the human memory is actually a very fragile thing.
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We're all largely the product of the stories that we tell ourselves.
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If you haven't forgotten already, today you learned about how our memories are stored in webs of association,
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aided by retrieval cues and priming and influenced by context and mood.
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You also learned how we forget information, how our memories are susceptible to interference and misinformation,
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and why eyewitnesses are often not as reliable as you might think.
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Thank you for watching, especially to all of our Subbable subscribers who make this whole channel possible.
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To learn how you can keep these lessons coming while earning awesome perks, just go to Subbable .com.
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This episode was written by Kathleen Yale, edited by Blake DePastino, and our consultant is Dr. Ranjit Bhagwat.
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Our director and editor is Nicholas Jenkins.
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The script supervisor is Michael Aranda, who is also our sound designer, and the graphics team is Thought Cafe.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « Remembering and Forgetting: Crash Course Psychology ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : memory, memories, forget, Bernice. Cette vidéo contient 142 phrases et 2132 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 10:07. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 211 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. Seuls 81 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| recall verbe | /ɹɪˈkɔl/ | rappeler |
| banana nom | /bəˈnænə/ | banane, bananier |
| thief nom | /ˈθiːf/ | voleur, voleuse |
| cue nom | /kju/ | signe, signal |
| retrieve verbe | /ɹɪˈtɹiːv/ | récupérer, retrouver |
| emotion nom | /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/ | émotion |
| interference nom | /ˌɪntəɹˈfɪɹɪns/ | ingérence |
| mood nom | /muːd/ | humeur, mauvaise humeur |
| jacket nom | /ˈd͡ʒæk.ɪt/ | veste, blouson |
| dependent adjectif | /dɪˈpɛndənt/ | dépendant |
| smash verbe | /smæʃ/ | fracasser |
| consciously adverbe | consciemment | |
| lesson nom | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | leçon |
| essentially adverbe | /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/ | essentiellement, en essence |
| flip verbe | /flɪp/ | retourner |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| come back verbe | revenir | |
| end up verbe | se terminer, se finir | |
| get off verbe | descendre, faire descendre | |
| get through verbe | /ɡɛt ˈθɹu/ | franchir |
| get up verbe | se lever | |
| turn out verbe | se finir, se terminer |
Des phrases à répéter
Des phrases courtes et complètes de la vidéo, à réutiliser dans la conversation de tous les jours :
- We're all constantly retrieving memories throughout the day.
- What color was the guy's jacket?
- Why am I in the kitchen?
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | was found · was set · are dealt |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | we've stored · have been encoded · you've learned |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | guy who more · California, which is · brain, which is |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 37 contractions et formes réduites, comme you're, I'm, didn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: thief /ˈθiːf/, bath /bɑːθ/, worthy /ˈwɝ.ði/, grandfather /ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌfɑðɚ/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, smash /smæʃ/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, conscious /ˈkɑn.ʃəs/, reconstruction /ˌɹiːkənˈstɹʌkʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: interference /ˌɪntəɹˈfɪɹɪns/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, reconstruction /ˌɹiːkənˈstɹʌkʃən/, psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: headache /ˈhɛdeɪk/, rehearse /ɹɪˈhɝs/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: jacket /ˈd͡ʒæk.ɪt/, psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, package /ˈpæk.ɪd͡ʒ/, suggestion /səˈd͡ʒɛst.ʃən/, fragile /ˈfɹæd͡ʒəl/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: recall /ɹɪˈkɔl/, retrieve /ɹɪˈtɹiːv/, interference /ˌɪntəɹˈfɪɹɪns/, alter /ˈɔl.təɹ/, reconstruction /ˌɹiːkənˈstɹʌkʃən/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme recall, banana, thief.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.