Pratique du Shadowing: The Science of Early Childhood Development - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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The healthy development of young children in the early years of
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life literally does provide a foundation for just about all of the challenging social problems that our society and other societies face.
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What we're learning, not just from behavioral and developmental research,
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but also now from exciting developments in neuroscience and molecular biology,
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is how much early experience from birth,
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in fact even before birth,
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how much this experience literally gets into our bodies and shapes our learning capacities,
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our behaviors, and our physical and mental health.
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The brain is basically built from the bottom up.
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First the brain builds basic circuits that are responsible for basic skills,
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and then more complex circuits are built on top of those basic circuits as we develop more complex skills.
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Biologically, the brain is prepared to be shaped by experience.
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It's expecting the experiences that a young child has to literally influence the formation of its circuitry.
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It's built into our biology.
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The interaction between genetics and experience that shapes brain architecture is embedded in the reciprocal relationships
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children have with adults in their lives.
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And by that we mean what we refer to as the serve and return nature of children's interaction with their own adults.
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Development and the impact of experience on development is not a one-way street.
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It's a back and forth interaction.
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The brain is a highly integrated organ which has multiple sections that specialize in different different kind of processes.
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So we have parts of the brain that are involved more in cognitive function
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and other parts that are involved in processing of emotion and parts involved in seeing and hearing.
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So if a child is emotionally kind of well put together and socially competent,
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that will affect more positive and productive learning.
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And if a child is preoccupied with fears or anxiety or is dealing with considerable stress,
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no matter how intellectually gifted that child might be,
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his or her learning is going to be impaired by that kind of emotional interference.
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So when we talk about healthy development in the early years,
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and particularly when we talk about preparing children to succeed in school,
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we cannot separate cognitive development from social and emotional development.
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You can't have one without the other.
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All development builds on what comes before.
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So when children experience stable,
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nurturing relationships, it fosters the development of healthy circuitry.
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When children experience uncertainty or instability or abusive or neglectful relationships,
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it literally disrupts the circuitry and the brain's architecture as it's being built.
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Over time, this has a wear and tear effect.
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And the more stress you have,
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the more causes of stress,
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and the longer your stress response,
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the more likely you are to have a whole range of problems later on.
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It can affect the immune system.
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It can affect the cardiovascular system.
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And this is why excessive prolonged stress early in life is associated with a higher prevalence later,
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not only of learning problems and behavior difficulties,
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but also physical and mental health problems.
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Because the brain is optimally flexible and plastic early in life,
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but as it develops its circuitry and refines its circuitry,
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it loses some of its flexibility,
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which is why intervening early is so important.
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Because as we often say,
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when it comes to brain circuitry,
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it's better to get it right the first time than to try to fix it later.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « The Science of Early Childhood Development ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : brain, experience, circuitry, stress, learning. Cette vidéo contient 53 phrases et 568 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 3:51. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 148 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. 84 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| circuitry nom | /ˈsɝkətɹi/ | circuiterie |
| distress nom | /dɪˈstɹɛs/ | détresse |
| biologically adverbe | biologiquement | |
| excite verbe | /ɪkˈsaɪt/ | exciter |
| impair verbe | /ɪmˈpɛɹ/ | détériorer, abîmer |
| intellectually adverbe | intellectuellement | |
| neglectful adjectif | négligent | |
| neuroscience nom | neuroscience | |
| nurture nom | /ˈnɜːɹ.t͡ʃəɹ/ | élever, éduquer |
| preoccupied adjectif | préoccupé | |
| prolong verbe | /pɹoʊˈlɑŋ/ | prolonger |
| reciprocal adjectif | /ɹɪˈsɪpɹək(ə)l/ | réciproque |
| refine verbe | /ɹɪˈfaɪn/ | raffiner |
| specialize verbe | /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/ | spécialiser |
| disrupt verbe | /dɪsˈɹʌpt/ | perturber, déranger |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| put together verbe | assembler |
Prononciation à surveiller
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, socially /ˈsoʊʃəli/, emotionally /ɪˈməʊʃənəli/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: reciprocal /ɹɪˈsɪpɹək(ə)l/, cardiovascular /ˌkɑːdi.əʊˈvæskjʊlə(ɹ)/, instability /ɪnstəˈbɪlɪti/, developmental /dɪˌvɛləpˈmɛntəl/, behavioral /bɪˈheɪvjəɹəl/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: nurture /ˈnɜːɹ.t͡ʃəɹ/, genetics /dʒəˈnɛt.ɪks/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: circuitry /ˈsɝkətɹi/, distress /dɪˈstɹɛs/, impair /ɪmˈpɛɹ/, nurture /ˈnɜːɹ.t͡ʃəɹ/, prolong /pɹoʊˈlɑŋ/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme circuitry, distress, biologically.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.