Pratique du Shadowing: The Science of Fat - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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190 phrases
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Fat.
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Blubber.
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Pudge.
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It goes by many names, but its true identity can only be learned by consulting with the All-High Council of Nerds.
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They call it adipose tissue.
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Adipose tissue is everywhere.
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It's in your bones, your muscles, your organs, and there's tons and tons of it under your skin.
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And if you accidentally inhale the contents of your entire refrigerator, it grows.
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Like, how does your body convert whatever you happen to throw in your stomach into yellow jelly under your skin?
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And how on earth does going to hot Pilates every Wednesday get rid of it?
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To find out, we're gonna take a field trip inside this guy's Big Mac.
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Big Macs and food in general have two parts.
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Big macronutrients and little micronutrients.
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Micronutrients don't contain any energy.
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They're just little guys.
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Macronutrients, on the other hand, contain all the energy in your food.
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And they only come in a few flavors.
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Proteins, carbs, fats, and alcohol.
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Alcohol is a bit special, so we're gonna ignore it.
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It also doesn't come with the Big Mac, which is currently in our subject's mouth.
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The mouth is gonna break that Big Mac into a bunch of smaller Macs
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and add some saliva to make it a nice Mac slurry.
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Also, some of the carbs are gonna get jumped.
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These guys are called enzymes.
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Their entire job is to punch macronutrients until they break into smaller pieces.
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And in the mouth, they have it out for the carbs.
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After that, the trio slides down the esophagus and into the stomach.
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There we are welcomed by the stomach juices and some of their enzyme pals.
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Also, everybody's getting jumped.. by the enzymes.
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After a couple hours of your stomach blending your food, it reaches a nice pulp of mac slush marinated in stomach acid.
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The food then slowly passes through to the small intestines where they receive another warm welcome by some fresh pancreas juice.
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In fact, they're getting so welcomed that they decide to leave.
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Yeah, that's allowed apparently.
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They just have to use the door in the intestinal cells.
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But they're too big.
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Hold on, light bulb, let's keep getting clobbered until we're small enough to pass through.
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This was a terrible idea, but they did it anyway because that's how digestion works.
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Look man, I don't make the rules.
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Eventually, the proteins get beat into amino acids, the carbs get shoved into sugars, and and the fats get mangled into smaller fats.
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Finally, they can all fit through the door and make their escape.
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There are two paths outside the intestinal cell.
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A blood vessel with a tiny mousel entrance and a lymphatic vessel which is shut with the gates of Gartholomew.
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The carbs, which are now sugars, and proteins, which are now amino acids, slip right into your blood which is a straight shot to the liver.
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But the intestinal cells turn the fats into big bundles called chylomicrons, which are way too fat to go through blood vessels,
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and instead must go through the gates of Gartholomew.
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Here it goes through a series of vessels of all shapes
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and sizes and takes a nice tour of your body until finally, just under your left collarbone, they get spit out into the bloodstream.
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Now you have a big ball of fat floating around in your blood.
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Great!
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But if they just stay like that, you'd die pretty quick.
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So your body has two teams to deal with these little piggies.
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Each team is made up of enzymes and molecules that take some fat and break it down into bite-sized pieces.
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One team takes those pieces and feeds it to your muscles for energy, while the other team feeds those pieces to your fat cells.
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And the one directing it all is a hormone called insulin.
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Right after you eat a meal, your pancreas dumps a truckload of insulin into the bloodstream.
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Insulin's job is essentially to make sure the teams in your adipose tissue are working overtime, and the teams in your muscle tissue have their lazy boys on full throttle.
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That is, they're relaxing extremely hard, taking a very intense and serious break.
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This results in the majority of that incoming fat being cut up and fed to your fat cells as energy for later.
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When a fat cell gets one of these pieces, it reassembles it into a bigger piece of fat for storage.
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Then, it gives this big piece as an offering to the glorious sphere of fat.
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And this, ladies and gentlemen, is why both this guy and this guy have about the same amount of fat cells.
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Because rather than creating new fat cells, the same fat cells just keep getting stuff fuller and fuller and fuller.
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Of course, even the pros have a limit.
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The maximum size a fat cell can expand is about 1 700th the size of a banana.
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Which might seem small, but a healthy fat cell is usually 1 2 thousandths of a banana.
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Once a cell reaches that limit, it sends SOS signals to dormant fat cells and a new fat cell is born.
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But this is rare, which may come as a surprise to my fellow Americans.
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And so most of the time, a cell is simply pumped fuller and fuller with fat, which is energy saved for later.
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So if later does come, hypothetically speaking, how does this blubbery energy stuff get used up?
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It all starts with hormones.
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When you're hungry, your pancreas releases hormones.
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When you're exercising, your adrenal glands release hormones.
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When you're sleeping, your brain releases hormones.
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And some of those hormones go to your fat cells.
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But what do they do once they get there?
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What's a measly hormone going to do to extract all that energy juice?
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Nothing really, they kind of just float around.
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And so, oh, it seems the hormone has fallen into a devious trap.
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How unfortunate.
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This happens because of receptors on the outer layer of your fat cells
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that are basically on watch for these hormones at all times.
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When they catch one, they trigger a chemical reaction that wakes up two killer enzymes inside the cell.
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These absolute machines start systematically butchering the fatty molecules into smaller and smaller molecules,
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only for them to then be shredded up by another enzyme into little baby fatty acids.
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At this point, the pieces of fat are so small
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that they just slip right through the cell walls and leak into the outside world.
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This is bad because the outside world is mostly water, and fats do not like water.
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Oh look, a convenient clump of protein is floating around.
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Oh look, the fat is now on the convenient clump of protein.
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Oh look, they're entering the the bloodstream.
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Neat!
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They float around for a bit until they pass a tissue like this one, which is burning a lot of fat.
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In this case, it's the heart pumping blood.
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But it could have also been muscles working or the liver doing liver stuff.
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These tissues have vacuums, which easily sucks fat right off the clump of protein and into the cell.
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There, it is greeted by another friendly protein and escorted to the mitochondria.
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The powerhouse of the The cell, unspeakable horrors, happen inside that mitochondria.
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But afterwards, our fatty friend pops out of some ATP.
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And then, it explodes!
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This reaction gives energy to the cell, and therefore, the tissue as a whole.
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Wow, those muscles must be working so hard to explode so much fat.
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You're probably thinking.
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And you'd be wrong.
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In fact, this guy is sleeping like a baby right now.
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The more physically demanding an activity is, the less it relies on fats for energy, and the more it relies on sugars, which comes from carbs.
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You do still use more fat during exercise than you do during rest, because of the sheer amount of energy you're using,
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but during rest your body is much more reliant on fat.
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This has quite a lot of implications when it comes to losing weight.
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But before we get to that, there is one thing about adipose tissue which I have yet to reveal.
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A secret so secretive that even the high council of nerds didn't know about it until the mid-90s.
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This layer of blubber under your skin has a direct line of communication with your brain.
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And it does that by using...
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hormones.
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Again.
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Each fat cell is constantly releasing a hormone called leptin.
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Chunky fat cells release a lot of leptin, while small fat cells release less leptin.
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Leptin tricks through your blood, all around your body until it reaches the blood vessels in your brain, where it sneaks through and finds your hypothalamus.
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The hypothalamus was expecting this and keeps track of how many of these guys show up.
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This is because your hypothalamus is smart.
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It knows that if there's a lot of leptin, then the fat cells are already fat and it makes you want to eat less food.
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If there isn't much leptin, then it knows that reserves are low and it makes you want to eat more food.
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Basically, your fat is constantly self-reporting directly to the brain exactly how fat it is at any given moment,
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and the hypothalamus adjusts how hungry you feel accordingly.
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And it does this to keep you at a healthy baseline.
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But if that's the case, then how does something like this happen?
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When your adipose tissue gets this big, it produces insane amounts of leptin,
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which should make you have essentially no desire to eat anything at all.
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And it would if your hypothalamus was just a bit smarter.
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See, your hypothalamus doesn't actually know how much leptin is healthy, it only knows how much leptin is normal.
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So if you're overweight for a long enough time, a high amount of leptin becomes normal.
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And therefore, your hypothalamus will make you feel hungry like normal.
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This makes it very, very, very hard to lose weight.
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Imagine you start a diet, hypothetically speaking, and your body starts tapping into more of your fat reserves.
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The fat cells start shrinking and therefore make less leptin.
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Your hypothalamus sees less leptin than normal and makes you hungrier.
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But you persevere.
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You trek on.
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You lose seven pounds in a week.
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Then your hypothalamus notices another huge drop in leptin and signals an emergency.
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Basically, your brain sets off alarms that you're starving.
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And because it thinks you're starving, it slows down metabolism to use energy more efficiently, which makes weight loss slower.
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When you're losing weight, your body fights against you to stay overweight.
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So why is your body so against becoming healthier?
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For most of human history, the average person was constantly threatened by one thing, starving.
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In the caveman days, losing weight meant you didn't have enough food to eat, which meant you were dying.
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Losing weight was almost never a good thing.
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That is, not until we got Big Macs, Doritos, and Walmart.
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We simply aren't built for this.
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So losing weight is impossible, right?
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Yeah, pretty much.
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That's what I would say if I was wrong.
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The hypothalamus can adjust its baseline.
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It's just a little shy.
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Which is why the key to losing weight is doing it slowly.
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Very slowly.
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I'm talking half a pound a week slow.
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One pound a week is also safe, and you can lose up to two pounds a week if you're speedrunning.
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But if you try and go faster than that, you're probably in for a bad time.
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At this slower rate, your hypothalamus still increases appetite, but it's much more manageable.
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giving it time to slowly change the baseline and figure out a new normal.
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But slowly do what, exactly?
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Should you diet?
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Exercise?
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Pray to the sun god?
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Well all three won't hurt, but none of them really get to the crux of the issue.
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Hormones.
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Fat will only shrink if there is some hormonal signal to shrink.
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And this hormonal signal only comes when you don't have enough energy.
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Which is why to lose weight, you have to be in an energy deficit.
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That means making your body use a bit more energy than the energy you eat.
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To explain what I mean by eating energy, I must mention the forbidden word which I have yet to utter this entire video.
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Calories.
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Calories measure energy, not food.
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For example, one ton of TNT will release about a million calories.
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When we talk about calories with food, we're measuring how much energy your mitochondria can explode from one of our macronutrient friends.
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So when I say eat less calories, I do not mean eat less food.
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I'm talking about energy, the macronutrients in the food,
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which means you can eat less calories whilst actually eating more food.
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But even then, it's not as simple as put out calories and don't put them in.
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Being in an energy deficit does not always mean you're being healthy, it just means you're losing weight.
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If you don't ever move from your bed and only eat spinach and kale, you're in an energy deficit and will lose weight.
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It's also very unhealthy.
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If you live exclusively off pizza but run up mountains and wrestle alligators to burn those calories off,
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you're in an energy deficit and will lose weight.
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And still very unhealthy.
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Being in a calorie deficit will work for weight loss, no matter how you do it.
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But you should not prioritize your weight over your health.
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Anyways, you really gotta stop coming through this drive-thru, man.
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I see you like twice a day.
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But that's gonna cost you approximately one subscribe, and tips are highly encouraged and accepted in the form of likes and comments.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau B2 s’appuie sur la vidéo « The Science of Fat ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : fat, cell, energy, weight, leptin. Cette vidéo contient 190 phrases et 2309 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 12:54. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 179 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 80 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| hormone nom | /ˈhoɹmoʊn/ | hormone |
| hypothalamus nom | hypothalamus | |
| calorie nom | /ˈkæləɹi/ | calorie |
| carb nom | /kɑɹb/ | glucide |
| enzyme nom | /ˈɛn.zaɪm/ | enzyme |
| adipose adjectif | /ˈæd.ɪ.poʊs/ | adipeux |
| deficit nom | /ˈdɛfəsɪt/ | déficit budgétaire |
| float verbe | /fləʊt/ | flotter |
| bloodstream nom | /ˈblʌd.stɹɪim/ | afflux sanguin |
| clump nom | /klʌmp/ | amas |
| intestinal adjectif | /ɪnˈtɛs.tɪ.nəl/ | intestinal |
| mitochondrion nom | /ˌmaɪtəˈkɑndɹiən/ | mitochondrie |
| pancreas nom | /ˈpæŋ.kɹi.əs/ | pancréas |
| starve verbe | /stɑɹv/ | mourir de faim |
| molecule nom | /ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/ | molécule |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| go through verbe | traverser | |
| figure out verbe | cerner | |
| find out verbe | découvrir, savoir | |
| pass through verbe | traverser | |
| show up verbe | apparaître, se montrer se pointer | |
| slow down verbe | ralentir, décélérer | |
| wake up verbe | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | se réveiller |
Des phrases à répéter
Des phrases courtes et complètes de la vidéo, à réutiliser dans la conversation de tous les jours :
- Look man, I don't make the rules.
- When you're hungry, your pancreas releases hormones.
- When you're exercising, your adrenal glands release hormones.
- When you're sleeping, your brain releases hormones.
- Basically, your brain sets off alarms that you're starving.
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | be learned · are called · are welcomed |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | Mac, which is · vessel which is · carbs, which are |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 46 contractions et formes réduites, comme you're, don't, gonna. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: unhealthy /ʌnˈhɛl.θi/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/, sheer /ʃɪɚ/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: intestinal /ɪnˈtɛs.tɪ.nəl/, mitochondrion /ˌmaɪtəˈkɑndɹiən/, alligator /ˈæl.ɪ.ɡeɪ.tɚ/, manageable /ˈmænəd͡ʒəb(ə)l/, oesophagus /ɪˈsɑfəɡəs/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: hormone /ˈhoɹmoʊn/, hormonal /hɔɹˈmoʊnəl/, unhealthy /ʌnˈhɛl.θi/, inhale /ɪnˈheɪl/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: adjust /əˈd͡ʒʌst/, chunky /ˈt͡ʃʌŋki/, digestion /daɪˈd͡ʒɛst͡ʃən/, manageable /ˈmænəd͡ʒəb(ə)l/, refrigerator /ɹɪˈfɹɪd͡ʒ.əˌɹeɪ.tɚ/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: hormone /ˈhoɹmoʊn/, calorie /ˈkæləɹi/, carb /kɑɹb/, bloodstream /ˈblʌd.stɹɪim/, mitochondrion /ˌmaɪtəˈkɑndɹiən/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme hormone, hypothalamus, calorie.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.