Pratique du Shadowing: Why Almost All of the Ocean is Still Unexplored? - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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226 phrases
Si les phrases sont trop courtes ou trop longues, cliquez sur Edit pour les ajuster.
1
You are standing on a beach.
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The water in front of you stretches to the horizon.
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Behind you is everything you know.
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Every city.
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Every road.
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Every person you've ever met.
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All of it fits on the part of Earth that isn't covered in water.
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Now look at the water.
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That's 71 % of the planet.
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And almost none of it has ever been seen by human eyes.
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Not mapped.
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Not photographed.
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Not touched.
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Just dark.
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We have better maps of Mars than we do of our own ocean floor.
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We have sent humans to the moon six times.
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We have rovers crawling across the surface of a planet 140 million miles away, sending back photos in real time.
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And we have seen less than 5 % of what's directly beneath us.
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5%.
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Here's the first thing you need to understand about the ocean.
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It is not one thing.
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When you picture the ocean, you probably picture the surface.
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Waves.
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Sunlight.
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Maybe some fish near a coral reef.
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That's the part we know.
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That's the part that gets the documentaries.
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But the ocean has layers.
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And the deeper you go, the less any of it resembles the world you know.
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The first layer, the sunlit zone, goes down to about 200 meters.
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This is the part we've explored.
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This is where your mental image of the ocean lives.
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Warm water, light, recognizable creatures, then the light starts dying.
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From 200 to 1 ,000 meters is the twilight zone.
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Dim.
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Cold.
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The pressure here is already enough to crush a human body if you're not in the right vessel.
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The creatures here live in near darkness.
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Some of them make their own light, bioluminescence.
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Tiny pulses of blue and green in water that no sunlight reaches.
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Below 1 ,000 meters is the midnight zone.
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No light at all.
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Ever.
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Complete permanent darkness.
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The pressure is 100 times what you feel at sea level.
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The temperature hovers just above freezing.
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And things live here.
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Things we have no complete record of.
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Below 4 ,000 meters is the abyssal zone.
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The word abyssal comes from the Greek word for bottomless.
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The people who named it knew what they were doing.
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And below that, in the deepest trenches that cut through the ocean floor like scars in the planet,
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is the Hadal Zone, named after Hades, the underworld.
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The deepest point we know of, the Challenger.
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Deep in the Mariana Trench, sits at nearly 11 ,000 meters below the surface.
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To give you a sense of that depth, if you dropped
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Mount Everest into the Mariana Trench, the peak would still be more than a mile underwater.
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We have sent humans there exactly three times in history.
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Three.
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So why haven't we explored it?
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The short answer is that the ocean is trying to kill you.
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Not personally, not with intent, but the physics of the deep ocean are so hostile to human life
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that every meter downward is a negotiation with forces that don't care whether you survive.
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Pressure is the main problem.
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At sea level, the atmosphere pushes down on you at about 14 .7 pounds per square inch.
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Your body is built for this.
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You don't notice it.
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At 10 meters underwater, that pressure doubles.
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At 100 meters, it's 10 times the surface.
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At 1 ,000 meters, 100 times.
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At the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the pressure is more than 1 ,000 times what you feel right now.
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Put a styrofoam cup on the outside of a deep sea submersible and bring it back up.
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The pressure will have compressed it to the size of a thimble.
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Now think about what that pressure does to a human body without protection.
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The vessels we use to explore the deep ocean have to be engineered to withstand forces that would collapse most structures instantly.
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They have to be perfectly sealed, perfectly pressurized, perfectly maintained.
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And even then, they are tiny.
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One or two people maximum.
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Moving slowly, limited battery life, limited oxygen.
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The Titanic, sitting at 3 ,800 meters, wasn't fully mapped until relatively recently.
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It took specialized robots days to document a single shipwreck.
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Now multiply that by the entire ocean floor, 361 million square kilometers.
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At the rate we've been going, it would take thousands of years to map it all with current technology.
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But here's where it gets genuinely unsettling.
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We're not just missing geography, we're missing life.
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The deep ocean is the largest living space on Earth by volume.
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More than 95 % of the habitable space on this planet is ocean water, and the vast majority of it has never been observed.
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Scientists estimate there are somewhere between 700 ,000 and 1 million species living in the ocean.
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We have formally identified around 250 ,000 of them.
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That means there are potentially hundreds of thousands of species, entire forms of life that no human has ever seen.
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Not small things.
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Not microbes.
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We're talking about creatures large enough to have been spotted occasionally, half -glimpsed, and never fully documented.
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Creatures that exist in complete darkness at pressures that would kill you instantly.
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Creatures that have evolved over millions of years in conditions so extreme they barely resemble anything alive on the surface.
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In 2021, a new species of whale was discovered.
97
A whale.
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Something the size of a bus, living in the ocean for its entire evolutionary history.
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And we didn't know it existed until 2021.
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If we're missing whales, what else are we missing?
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Here's a list of things we have found in the deep ocean, just to give you a sense of what's down there.
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The giant squid.
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For centuries, sailors reported seeing enormous tentacled creatures in the open ocean.
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Scientists dismissed it as myth.
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Exaggeration.
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Folklore.
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Then, in 2004, a Japanese research team captured the first photographs of a living giant squid in its natural habitat.
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It was real.
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It had always been real.
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It just lived deep enough that we never saw it.
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The giant squid can reach 13 meters in length.
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Its eyes are the largest of any living animal, up to 30 centimeters in diameter.
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Built for darkness, built for a world we can barely reach.
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Then there's the giant isopod.
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If you took a common pill bug, the small crustacean that rolls into a ball in your garden, and scaled it up to 50 centimeters,
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you'd have a giant isopod.
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They live on the abyssal plain, scavenging whatever falls from above.
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Whale carcasses, Dead fish, whatever the darkness provides, and the Dumbo Octopus, named for the ear -like fins it uses to move through the water.
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It lives deeper than almost any other octopus species.
120
It's soft and almost translucent, and it moves through complete darkness with a kind of slow grace that looks nothing like anything alive near the surface.
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These are things we know about.
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Now think about what we don't know about.
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In 2018, researchers dropped hydrophones, underwater microphones, into the Mariana Trench.
124
They left them there for three weeks, recording everything.
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What they heard was not silence.
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There were sounds that matched known sources.
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Earthquakes, passing ships, whale calls from thousands of miles away, traveling through the water with impossible clarity.
128
And there were sounds that didn't match anything in the catalog.
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Low, slow sounds.
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Biological in quality, meaning they had the character of something alive producing them, but not matching any identified species.
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The researchers published their findings carefully.
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They didn't claim monsters.
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They said, there are unidentified biological sound sources in the deepest part of the ocean.
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That's the scientific way of saying, something is making noise down there, and we don't know what it is.
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This is not new.
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In 1997, NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, recorded something from a hydrophone array in the Pacific Ocean.
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A sound.
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Extraordinarily loud, low frequency.
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It traveled thousands of miles through the water, picked up by sensors more than 5 ,000 kilometers apart.
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They called it the Bloop.
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It was the loudest unidentified underwater sound ever recorded at that time.
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For years, no one knew what made it.
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Scientists ruled out submarines, ruled out geological activity.
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The sound had biological characteristics, meaning it had the signature of something living.
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The source was eventually attributed to icequakes, the cracking and calving of large ice sheets in Antarctica.
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That explanation is now widely accepted.
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But for a decade, the bloop sat in the catalog of unexplained sounds from an ocean we can barely see into.
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And here's the thing.
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The explanation took a decade, from an ocean we monitor constantly, from a planet we've lived on for 300 ,000 years.
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Imagine what's making sounds we haven't even detected yet.
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Let's talk about hydrothermal vents.
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In 1977, a submersible called Alvin descended to the ocean floor near the Galapagos Islands.
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The researchers on board were expecting what everyone expected at that depth, cold, dark, barren rock.
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The deep ocean floor was assumed to be essentially lifeless.
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Too dark for photosynthesis, too cold too far from the sun -driven energy that powers almost all life on Earth.
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What they found instead rewrote biology.
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Hydrothermal vents.
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Cracks in the ocean floor where the Earth's internal heat pushes superheated water, sometimes above 400 degrees Celsius, up through the rock.
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The water doesn't boil at that depth because the pressure is too extreme.
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It comes out like a black cloud, full of minerals, full of hydrogen sulfide, a chemical that's toxic to most life on Earth,
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and clustered around these vents in complete darkness, At crushing pressure, in water laced with toxic chemicals, was an entire ecosystem.
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Tubeworms 3 meters long, colonies of clam, shrimp with no eyes, navigating by heat receptors on their backs, bacteria that didn't need sunlight at all,
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bacteria that ran entirely on chemical energy from the vents, chemosynthesis.
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An entirely separate way of being alive, a complete parallel food web, an ecosystem that had no relationship to the sun whatsoever.
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Before 1977, we did not know life could work this way.
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And we found it by accident.
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In one place.
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On an ocean floor that stretches for 361 million square kilometers.
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How many more vents are there?
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How many more ecosystems we've never seen?
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Here's something that should bother you more than it probably does.
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We've lost things in the ocean, not small things.
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In 2014, Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 disappeared over the southern Indian Ocean.
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One of the most sophisticated search operations in aviation history began.
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Hundreds of millions of dollars.
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Ships from multiple nations.
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The most advanced underwater detection technology available.
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We searched for two years.
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We found almost nothing.
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The ocean floor in that region was so poorly mapped that search teams were essentially working blind.
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Sonar equipment designed for other purposes had to be repurposed.
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The terrain was unknown.
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Mountains and valleys on the ocean floor that no one had ever charted were discovered during the search.
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Discovered because a missing plane forced us to look at a part of the planet we'd never examined.
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A 777 aircraft, 60 meters long, missing for years.
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In an ocean on a planet with satellites, GPS, and real -time global communication.
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We found a few pieces of debris.
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The main wreckage has never been confirmed.
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That's the ocean.
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The deep ocean also has a memory problem.
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And it's ours, not the ocean's.
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Everything that's ever sunk is still down there.
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An estimated 3 million shipwrecks rest on the ocean floor.
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Most of them have never been found.
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Most of them never will be.
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Some of them are ancient, Greek trading vessels, Roman galleys, ships from civilizations that no longer exist.
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Some of them contain cargo that would rewrite history if we could retrieve it.
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Some of them contain things we'd rather not find.
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During the Second World War, hundreds of vessels were sunk in the Pacific and Atlantic.
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Many of them still carry fuel.
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As the metal corrodes, dirt, and it is corroding, that fuel will eventually leak into an ocean we're still trying to understand.
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From wrecks we haven't located, in places we haven't mapped.
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We are inheriting the consequences of things we sank and forgot about.
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There's one more layer to this.
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The deep ocean isn't just unknown to us.
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It's changing.
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Ocean temperatures are rising, the chemistry is shifting, acidification is altering the conditions that deep sea ecosystems evolved over millions of years to depend on.
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We are changing the deep ocean before we've ever seen it.
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Whatever is down there, the species we haven't cataloged, the ecosystems we haven't discovered, the sounds we haven't identified,
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some of it is disappearing before we ever find it.
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We are writing an ending to a story we never read the beginning of.
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Back to the beach.
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You're standing at the edge of the water.
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Same place you started.
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The ocean in front of you looks the same as it did at the beginning.
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Waves.
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Horizon.
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All that blue.
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But you know now what blue means.
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It means pressure that would collapse your lungs in seconds.
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It means creatures the size of buses that lived their entire evolutionary history without us knowing.
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It means ecosystems that don't need the sun.
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It means sounds we recorded and still can't fully explain.
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It means 3 million shipwrecks and an unknown number of species
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and an entire volume of the planet that we have in 300 ,000 years of human existence, barely touched.
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95 % of the ocean is still out there, in the dark, doing whatever it does, whether we ever see it or not.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « Why Almost All of the Ocean is Still Unexplored? ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : ocean, meter, deep, pressure, sound. Cette vidéo contient 225 phrases et 2205 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 11:41. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 189 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. 82 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| meter nom | /ˈmitəɹ/ | mètre, compteur |
| darkness nom | /ˈdɑɹk.nɪs/ | obscurité, ténèbres |
| ecosystem nom | /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/ | écosystème |
| whale nom | /ˈweɪl/ | baleine |
| underwater adjectif | /ʌndɚˈwɔtəɹ/ | sous l'eau |
| vent nom | /vɛnt/ | bouche d'aération |
| vessel nom | /ˈvɛsəl/ | vaisseau |
| layer nom | /ˈleɪ̯ɚ/ | couche |
| biological adjectif | /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/ | biologique |
| explore verbe | /ɪkˈsploɹ/ | explorer |
| sink verbe | /ˈsɪŋk/ | couler, s'enfoncer |
| researcher nom | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | chercheur, chercheuse |
| sunlight nom | /ˈsʌnˌlaɪt/ | lumière du soleil |
| explanation nom | /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/ | explication |
| essentially adverbe | /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/ | essentiellement, en essence |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| rule out verbe | barrer, biffer | |
| back up verbe | reculer | |
| come out verbe | /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ | sortir |
| pick up verbe | soulever |
Des phrases à répéter
Des phrases courtes et complètes de la vidéo, à réutiliser dans la conversation de tous les jours :
- Every person you've ever met.
- That's the part we know.
- This is the part we've explored.
- If we're missing whales, what else are we missing?
- How many more ecosystems we've never seen?
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | you've ever met · has ever been seen · have sent |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | isn't covered · been seen · is built |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 38 contractions et formes réduites, comme haven't, we've, don't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: bother /ˈbɑðɚ/, beneath /bɪˈniːθ/, earthquake /ˈɝθkweɪk/, myth /mɪθ/, withstand /wɪðˈstænd/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, crush /kɹʌʃ/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, underwater /ʌndɚˈwɔtəɹ/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: horizon /həˈɹaɪ.zən/, hostile /ˈhɑstəl/, whatsoever /ˌ(h)wʌtsoʊˈɛvɚ/, habitat /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/, hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, researcher /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/, stretch /stɹɛt͡ʃ/, chart /t͡ʃɑɹt/, oxygen /ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: meter /ˈmitəɹ/, darkness /ˈdɑɹk.nɪs/, underwater /ʌndɚˈwɔtəɹ/, explore /ɪkˈsploɹ/, researcher /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme meter, darkness, ecosystem.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.