Shadowing Practice: Epictetus' Secret to Breaking Bad Habits - Learn English Speaking with Video

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100 משפטים
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We live in an age of instant gratification.
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Easy pleasures are all around us, and they constantly beg for our attention.
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We can indulge in social media, online shopping, streaming, gambling, and mature content without even leaving the couch.
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Various substances and junk food are widely available, at least in the West.
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And so, many of us develop bad habits.
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Some are rather innocent others can seriously undermine our well -being.
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And many struggle to get rid of these bad habits, and may try for years only to relapse over and over again.
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The Stoics understood this problem well.
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They saw excessive desire as a passion, an irrational disturbance that, if we follow it, could get us into trouble.
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Epictetus spoke extensively about how to deal with passions including the temptations that so often lead us astray.
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In particular, he offered a piece of advice that many of us overlook when trying to break a bad habit.
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This video explores a simple way to break bad habits, based on the wisdom of Epictetus.
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His advice has helped me personally, especially in overcoming past habitual binge drinking and other unhealthy pleasures.
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The passion the Stoics called epithumia is a desire or longing for some anticipated pleasure.
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Something we hope to experience in the future.
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It's the urge that sends us to the fridge for an unhealthy snack, or to the browser for a visit to the hub.
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The more we give in to this urge, the stronger it tends to return later, as the habit becomes increasingly ingrained,
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which is a mechanism that is well supported by modern psychology.
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Hence, we build habits by repetition, which also applies to bad habits.
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So, the key to breaking a habit is not to give in to it, refraining over and over again,
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which weakens it every time we succeed.
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The problem, however, is that it's easier said than done.
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When we experience a strong desire, resisting it can be difficult.
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It clouds our judgment and disturbs our rational thinking.
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We forget about tomorrow and the long -term consequences of our actions because we want the promised pleasure so badly.
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The regret, the guilt, and how we'll feel afterward are pushed aside.
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All we seem to have eyes for is that promised pleasure, what the Stoics called hedone.
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But once we have given in to desire and experienced hedone, which is often much shorter and less satisfying than we imagined,
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we remember why we have told ourselves so many times not to do it.
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We're now dealing with the consequences, and we're taking an oath to abstain.
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But later, Here, we find ourselves repeating the action, as the temptation seems too strong to resist.
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It's frustrating, it's disheartening, and we may feel it's a hopeless case.
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But luckily, Epictetus has some advice for us.
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If you are struck by the appearance of any promised pleasure, guard yourself against against being hurried away by it,
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but let the affair wait your leisure and procure yourself some delay," said Epictetus.
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Here we see a good example of what we might call stoic mindfulness.
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Similar to Buddhist mindfulness, it requires us to pay close attention to what is happening within us.
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In this case, it's the appearance of a promised pleasure and our reaction to it.
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Instead of acting upon it or suppressing it, Epictetus asks us to pause for a moment.
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Rather than letting ourselves be carried away by the desire for that pleasure, we take a step back and watch it.
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This can be difficult, of course, especially when the desire is strong.
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When the monster is still small and weak, it's much easier to defeat it, so to speak.
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Once a desire gathers momentum, resisting it becomes much harder.
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In my experience, it's important to notice the desire as soon as it arises, and it often creeps in very subtly.
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And that's why mindfulness is so valuable.
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It helps us become aware of these impulses before they take control.
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So that's the first step.
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Now Epictetus wants us to look into the future.
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More specifically, he wants us to imagine two possible outcomes, one based on pain and regret, the other.. on joy and self -respect.
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Let's begin with the first.
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Then bring to your mind both points of time, that in which you will enjoy the pleasure and that in
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which you will repent and reproach yourself after you have enjoyed it.
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End quote.
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Now, this part of the advice is pretty straightforward, and I'm sure you have tried it before.
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We remind ourselves that even though we'll experience the pleasure, we'll also have to face the consequences afterward.
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In other words, we look beyond the goody and consider the pain that may follow if we take it.
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For many, that's enough.
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When I think of the horrible hangovers I get after binge drinking, the depressive moods that could linger for days,
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it's usually enough now to keep me from the booze when I'm tempted.
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But it wasn't always that way, and it still isn't sometimes, to be honest.
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In many cases, this approach just isn't enough.
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Desire has a way of distorting our judgement.
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We begin to bargain.
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We tell ourselves that the consequences won't be so bad and that pleasure is totally worth the price.
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And perhaps sometimes it is.
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But often, we're simply being misled by the power of passion.
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Now, as I mentioned before, Epictetus also wants us to visualize a positive outcome, saying, and set before you,
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in opposition to these, how you will be glad and applaud yourself if you abstain.
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Let's see what he's getting at with this.
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Imagine we're still in waiting mode.
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We're still on pause, observing the habit we're trying to break, feeling our desire for a specific pleasure.
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Let's suppose fear didn't work.
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What about positive reinforcement?
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What if we traded an immediate, short -lived pleasure for a more durable and constructive one?
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In today's world, pleasure usually means adding something.
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An experience, a purchase, a meal, a drink, another episode, another scroll through TikTok.
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We celebrate consumption, but we rarely consider the pleasure of not consuming, the pleasure of missing out.
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One of these pleasures, Epictetus makes clear, is the satisfaction that comes from not giving in.
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Whether the pleasure is a night of binge drinking, a session of overeating junk food, or spending the night on the hub,
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or perhaps the hamster, we can give ourselves a round of applause for having resisted it.
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Now, if that sounds a bit lame or unsatisfactory, here's what Epictetus said next.
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And even though it should appear to you a seasonable gratification,
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take heed that its enticing and agreeable and attractive force may not subdue you.
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But set an opposition to this, how much better it is to be conscious of having gained so great a victory.
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End quote.
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By not giving in, we gained a victory.
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We overcame, and we allow ourselves to feel great about it.
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This may seem like a small thing, but it's a gift that keeps on giving.
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We can return to this joy at any time of day.
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We can keep reminding ourselves of how we have overcome temptation and feel satisfied every time.
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Moreover, we have become stronger, while the habit has become weaker.
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So, it's a victory with serious consequences.
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And the more often we attain this pleasure, the more powerful we become.
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Over time, we build a greater sense of accomplishment, self -respect, and confidence.
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We begin to feel better about ourselves.
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We look in the mirror and like what we see.
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I mean, if that isn't a pleasure worth pursuing, what is?
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The challenge, however, is seeing through the illusion of the promised pleasure and trusting the process.
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We must remind ourselves that the satisfaction of victory indeed arrives after the desire has passed,
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and that it's far more enjoyable and rewarding than what we're missing out on.

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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה

שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “Epictetus' Secret to Breaking Bad Habits”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: pleasure, desire, habit, ourselves, Epictetus. בסרטון הזה יש 100 משפטים ו-1325 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 9:46. הדובר שומר על קצב יציב של כ-136 מילים בדקה, קצב נוח לתרגול Shadowing. 82% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית; כדאי ללמוד את השאר לפני שמתחילים.

אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה

15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:

מילההגייהמשמעות
consequence שם עצם/ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/תּוֹצָאָה, הַשְׁלָכָה
mindfulness שם עצם/ˈmaɪn(d)fʊlnəs/מיינדפולנס
temptation שם עצם/ˌtɛmpˈteɪʃən/פיתוי
abstain פועל/əbˈsteɪn/התנזר, נמנע
pause שם עצם/pɔːz/אתנח
applaud פועל/əˈplɔd/הֵרִיעַ
entice פועל/ɪnˈtaɪs/פִּתָּה
frustrate פועל/ˈfɹʌsˌtɹeɪt/תִּסְכֵּל
hamster שם עצם/ˈhæm(p)stɚ/אוֹגֵר
linger פועל/ˈlɪŋɡɚ/הִתְמַהְמֵהַּ, הִתְעַכֵּב
mislead פועל/mɪsˈliːd/הִטְעָה
repetition שם עצם/ˌɹɛp.əˈtɪʃ.ən/חֲזָרָה
weaken פועל/ˈwikən/החליש
hangover שם עצם/ˈhæŋoʊ̯vɚ/ ~ /ˈhæŋɔʊ̯vɚ/חמרמורת, הנגאובר
indulge פועל/ɪnˈdʌld͡ʒ/הִתְעַנֵֵּג

משפטים שכדאי לחזור עליהם

משפטים קצרים ושלמים מהסרטון שאפשר להשתמש בהם בשיחה יומיומית:

  • Let's begin with the first.
  • Let's see what he's getting at with this.
  • Imagine we're still in waiting mode.
  • Let's suppose fear didn't work.
  • I mean, if that isn't a pleasure worth pursuing, what is?

דקדוק בסרטון הזה

המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:

מבנהבסרטון
הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיוhas helped · have given · have told
סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולהare pushed · are struck · be carried

הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה

הדובר משתמש ב-18 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו we're, isn't, we'll. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.

  • הצלילים של “th”: unhealthy /ʌnˈhɛl.θi/, oath /ˈoʊθ/
  • הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: temptation /ˌtɛmpˈteɪʃən/, gratification /ˌɡɹætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, repetition /ˌɹɛp.əˈtɪʃ.ən/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/
  • מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: gratification /ˌɡɹætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, habitual /həˈbɪ.t͡ʃʊ.əl/, reinforcement /ˌɹiːɪnˈfɔːsmənt/, repetition /ˌɹɛp.əˈtɪʃ.ən/, seasonable /ˈsiːzənəbəl/

צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:

  • /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/, weaken /ˈwikən/, straightforward /ˌstɹeɪtˈfɔː(ɹ)wə(ɹ)d/, weaker /ˈwikɚ/
  • /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: gratification /ˌɡɹætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, satisfy /ˈsætɪsfaɪ/, hamster /ˈhæm(p)stɚ/, relapse /ɹɪˈlæps/, unsatisfactory /ˌʌnsætɪsˈfækt(ə)ɹi/
  • /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: gratification /ˌɡɹætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, agreeable /əˈɡɹiəbəl/, astray /əˈstɹeɪ/, depressive /dɪˈpɹɛsɪv/, dishearten /dɪsˈhɑɹ.tən/

איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה

  1. הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
  2. תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט במהירות רגילה, וחזרו על כל משפט עד שהקצב שלכם תואם את הדובר.
  3. הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו consequence, mindfulness, temptation.

מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?

שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.

טכניקת Shadowing: קרא את המדריך המלא שלב אחר שלב →