Shadowing Practice: Financial ratio analysis - Learn English Speaking with Video
בחר מצב תרגול
כל מצב פותח חדר תרגול במסך מלא.
99 משפטים
אם המשפטים קצרים או ארוכים מדי, לחץ על ערוך כדי להתאים אותם.
1
How does financial ratio analysis work?
2
Let's discuss 10 of the most popular financial ratios that can help you find the story behind the numbers.
3
What do you need to get started on a financial ratio analysis?
4
You need an income statement, the overview of how much profit a company made during a year.
5
You also need a balance sheet, an overview of what a company owns and what a company owes at a specific point in time.
6
We will start off with financial ratios that only focus on the income statement, then look at financial ratios that only focus on the balance sheet,
7
and end with powerful financial ratios that combine information from the income statement and the balance sheet.
8
Performing a financial ratio analysis has a scientific element to it finding data and putting it into formulas,
9
as well as an artistic element assigning meaning to the outcome of the calculations, and seeing the big picture.
10
Part 1 Financial ratios that only focus on the income statement or profit and loss statement .
11
Let's compare the income statements of two fictitious companies, which unlike real life companies have nice round numbers in their financial statements.
12
The first step in financial ratio analysis of the income statement is to make everything relative.
13
Relative to sales, that is.
14
Each of the cost line items and profit subtotals is expressed as a percentage of revenue.
15
Let's see what the financial ratios tell us.
16
Company A has a gross profit margin of 50%,
17
company B of 30%, so the gross profit margin is 20 percentage points higher for company A.
18
Company A makes far more margin than Company B on the products or services it sells.
19
Company A has an operating margin of 21%, while Company B has an operating margin of 14%.
20
So the 20 percentage points difference on the gross profit level has shrunk to 7 percentage points on the operating margin level.
21
Net income as a percentage of sales, often called return on sales, is 16 % for company A and 8 % for company B.
22
What do we zoom in on for further analysis?
23
Let's investigate the difference between gross profit and operating margin.
24
This is mainly driven by selling general and administrative expenses.
25
20 % of revenue in company A, 10 % of revenue in company B.
26
The non -manufacturing costs for functional departments like sales,
27
marketing, finance, HR, sourcing, legal and IT are far higher for company A than for company B.
28
This could be related to the industry each company is in, the company's strategy, or the level of efficiency that it has achieved.
29
Could company A be overspending in SG &A, or is company B underspending?
30
Hard to say just from these numbers, but worth investigating.
31
On the research and development line, company A is spending more than company B.
32
This is usually seen as a good thing,
33
as today's research and development expenses hopefully lead to high -margin innovative products and services to sell in the future.
34
Part 2.
35
Financial ratios that only focus on the balance sheet.
36
The first question that I always ask myself is, how is the company doing on liquidity?
37
Is it likely to be able to pay its bills in the short term?
38
Let's look at the current assets, cash plus items that are likely to convert to cash within a year,
39
versus the current liabilities items that need to be paid with cash within a year.
40
A useful financial ratio in this area is the current ratio.
41
Simply divide the current assets by the current liabilities.
42
For company A, 400 divided by 200 is 2.
43
For every dollar of current liabilities, there are 2 dollars of current assets, a safe position, from the perspective of business continuity.
44
For company B, 200 divided by 400 is 0 .5.
45
For every dollar of current liabilities, there is only 50 cents of current assets, a more risky position .
46
While on the topic of current assets and current liabilities, let's calculate the amount of working capital utilized by the companies.
47
Accounts receivable plus inventories minus accounts payable.
48
For company A, this is 150 plus 200 minus 200, in total 150.
49
For company B, this is 50 plus 100 minus 300, in total negative 150.
50
Company B seems to be getting paid by customers before they have to pay suppliers, and holds a low level of stock.
51
The next financial ratio is all about the company's financing strategy.
52
Does it primarily borrow money to finance operations, or rely on capital provided by the shareholders?
53
The debt -to -equity ratio can help you put that in perspective.
54
For company A, 100 in borrowings, 700 in equity, so a debt to equity ratio of 1 to 7.
55
You could call this a conservative and robust way of financing,
56
with a big buffer of equity that helps defend the business continuity of the company in case of future losses.
57
For company B, 400 in borrowings, 100 in equity, so a debt to equity ratio of 4 to 1.
58
For every dollar of shareholder capital , there are $4 borrowed, which is possibly more fragile.
59
A related financial ratio is equity as percentage of the balance sheet total.
60
70 % for company A, 12 .5 % for company B.
61
Based on the debt to equity ratio, and equity as percentage of total, you could say that company A has low leverage,
62
while company B has a high leverage.
63
Part 3, financial ratios that combine information from the income statement and the balance sheet.
64
This is where you might see new storylines and connections, on top of what you discovered in analyzing the income statement individually,
65
and the balance sheet individually.
66
Let's start with a big picture financial ratio called return on equity, which is net income divided by equity.
67
For company A, 160 divided by 700, which is 22 .9%.
68
For company B, 80 divided by 100, which is 80%.
69
On the return on equity metric, company B far outperforms company A.
70
What is driving that?
71
While company A has higher profit margins, as we saw in the income statement analysis, analysis, Company B has a much higher financial leverage,
72
as we saw in the balance sheet analysis.
73
There is a third component to the return on equity calculation, the financial ratio called asset turnover.
74
Asset turnover looks at how much revenue is generated by the company with the assets it has.
75
For Company A, asset turnover is 1.
76
1 .000 in assets on the balance sheet generates 1 .000 in revenue in the income statement.
77
For company B, asset turnover is 1 .25.
78
Let's dig a little deeper into two key subsets of this asset turnover ratio.
79
The first one is receivables turnover, the number of times per year that the business collects its average accounts receivable,
80
the ratio between revenue in the income statement and accounts receivable on the balance sheet.
81
6 .67 for company A, 20 for company B.
82
Receivables turnover might be a bit abstract for a lot of people, so let's turn it into a more tangible related metric called days sales outstanding.
83
How many days does a company need to wait before a customer pays?
84
55 days for company A, and just 18 days for company B.
85
The second subset of the asset turnover ratio is inventory turnover, the number of times per year that the business turns it inventory,
86
the ratio between revenue in the income statement and inventory on the balance sheet.
87
Five inventory turns for company A, ten inventory turns for company B.
88
So what do financial ratios tell us?
89
Can we say, based on calculating these financial ratios, that company A is in better financial shape, or company B is in better financial shape?
90
Not necessarily.
91
Financial ratios do provide us with clear information about the financial footprint of a company,
92
and deepen your understanding of the strategic and operational story behind the financial numbers.
93
In this video on financial ratio analysis, we covered 10 financial ratios.
94
On the income statement, gross profit percentage, operating margin percentage, return on sales percentage.
95
On the balance sheet, current ratio, debt to equity, equity as percentage of total.
96
When linking the P &L and the balance sheet, return on equity, asset turnover, receivables turnover, inventory turnover.
97
Financial ratio analysis is as much an art as it is a science.
98
Want to learn more about business, finance and accounting? then subscribe to the Finance Storyteller YouTube channel.
99
Thank you!
הורד אפליקציה
כל מה שאתה צריך כדי לדבר בשטף
הגיית AIציון לכל משפט
תרגול IPAשלוט בכל צליל
אוצר מיליםבנה את מאגר המילים שלך
משחק אוצר מיליםלמד תוך כדי משחק
אותו ערוץ
FOR YOU
המלץ על סרטון
C11
250 משפטים
FINANCIAL RATIOS: How to Analyze Financial Statements
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
111 משפטים
Financial Analysis Fundamentals: How to Analyze Financial Statements Like a Pro Part 7 | CFI Course
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C19
412 משפטים
Corporate Finance Explained | Analyzing Financial Statements
Business EnglishUniversity Students
C1116 משפטים
Performance Marketer Interview Questions and Answers
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
506 משפטים
Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows 1 (2025 CFA® Level I Exam – FSA – Learning Module 4)
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
23 משפטים
HRM: Compensation and Benefits (Chapter 7)
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1480 משפטים
Everything Valuable from an MBA in 25 minutes
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
17 משפטים
0920 International Accounting
Business EnglishUniversity Students
C13
171 משפטים
Revenue management in the hotel industry- Basics
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
64 משפטים
FIN 1 Welcome to Finance!
Business EnglishUniversity Students
C11
142 משפטים
The INCOME STATEMENT Explained (Profit & Loss / P&L)
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “Financial ratio analysis”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: ratio, financial, equity, statement, income. בסרטון הזה יש 99 משפטים ו-1347 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 10:06. הדובר שומר על קצב יציב של כ-133 מילים בדקה, קצב נוח לתרגול Shadowing. רק 77% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| turnover שם עצם | /ˈtɝnoʊvɚ/ | מחזור |
| leverage שם עצם | /ˈlɛv.(ə.)ɹɪd͡ʒ/ | הנפה |
| minus | /ˈmaɪ.nəs/ | פחות, מינוס |
| subset שם עצם | /ˈsʌbˌsɛt/ | תת קבוצה |
| shareholder שם עצם | /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/ | בַּעַל מְנָיוֹת |
| calculation שם עצם | /ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn̩/ | חִשׁוּב \ חישוב |
| continuity שם עצם | /ˌkɑn.tɪˈn(j)u.ə.ti/ | המשכיות |
| calculate פועל | /ˈkælkjʊleɪt/ | חישב \ חִשֵּׁב |
| metric שם תואר | /ˈmɛt.ɹɪk/ | מֶטְרִי |
| borrow פועל | /ˈbɑɹ.oʊ/ | שָׁאַל |
| footprint שם עצם | /ˈfʊtpɹɪnt/ | עָקֵב, טְבִיעַת רֶגֶל |
| tangible שם תואר | /ˈtæn.d͡ʒə.bəl/ | מוחשי |
| fragile שם תואר | /ˈfɹæd͡ʒəl/ | שביר |
| robust שם תואר | /ɹəʊˈbʌst/ | חָסוֹן, אֵיתָן |
| subscribe פועל | /səbˈskɹaɪb/ | נִמְנָה |
משפטים שכדאי לחזור עליהם
משפטים קצרים ושלמים מהסרטון שאפשר להשתמש בהם בשיחה יומיומית:
- What do you need to get started on a financial ratio analysis?
- Let's see what the financial ratios tell us.
- What do we zoom in on for further analysis?
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | is expressed · is mainly driven · is usually seen |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | has shrunk · has achieved |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | borrowed, which is · equity, which is |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: shareholder /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/, calculation /ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn̩/, fictitious /fɪkˈtɪʃəs/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: continuity /ˌkɑn.tɪˈn(j)u.ə.ti/, individually /ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒ(u)əli/, liquidity /lɪkˈwɪdəti/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: borrowing /ˈbɔrəwɪŋ/, liquidity /lɪkˈwɪdəti/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: calculation /ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn̩/, calculate /ˈkælkjʊleɪt/, tangible /ˈtæn.d͡ʒə.bəl/, analyze /ˈæn.əˌlaɪz/, fragile /ˈfɹæd͡ʒəl/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: leverage /ˈlɛv.(ə.)ɹɪd͡ʒ/, shareholder /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/, borrowing /ˈbɔrəwɪŋ/, metric /ˈmɛt.ɹɪk/, borrow /ˈbɑɹ.oʊ/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט במהירות רגילה, וחזרו על כל משפט עד שהקצב שלכם תואם את הדובר.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו turnover, leverage, minus.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.