Shadowing Practice: Pufferfish | Masters of Self-Defense - Learn English Speaking with Video
בחר מצב תרגול
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90 משפטים
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Hi everybody, my name is Sarah.
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Welcome back to Future Zoologist Academy.
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Today we'll be learning about a fish
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that is very well known for its useful and adorable ability to inflate like a balloon.
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Today we're learning all about pufferfish.
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Let's get into it.
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Pufferfish are a family of fish with about 200 different species.
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They have many different nicknames, including puffers, balloon fish, blowfish, and others.
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They're sometimes confused with a porcupine fish, which though is similar, they are not the same.
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Pufferfish are most commonly found in warm, tropical oceans.
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They're commonly found in shallow water in protected habitats like coral reefs.
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There are a few species that live in cooler temperate water, but no pufferfish live in cold water.
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Surprisingly, there are several pufferfish species that live in freshwater.
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Pufferfish are, of course, named for their ability to puff up like a balloon, which is one of the ways that they defend themselves from predators.
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However, they have many other ways to defend themselves as well.
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The best way for a pufferfish to protect themselves is to stay hidden,
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and they do this by hiding in cracks and crevices in the reef and by using countershading.
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Countershading is a type of camouflage where an animal has a dark colored back and a light colored belly.
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This helps them stay camouflaged from animals that are both above them and below them.
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Pufferfish are typically slow swimmers, but if spotted by a predator, they can use quick bursts of speed to escape into hiding places.
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They also have a pretty good sense of sight, and they can move their eyes independently and look in different directions at the same time.
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This makes it hard for predators to ambush or sneak attack them.
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If they can't escape, then they inflate like a balloon.
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And they inflate by filling their expandable stomach with water or air if they're up at the surface.
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When they become larger, they become more intimidating to predators
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and it's harder for a predator to get their mouth around the pufferfish's body.
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Their skin is also covered in spines which stick out when they're inflated.
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Sometimes predators may manage to catch a pufferfish before it inflates
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and can choke if the pufferfish inflates while in the predator's throat.
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If they manage to swallow the pufferfish, they may still find themselves in quite a bit of trouble because most pufferfish are poisonous.
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Most pufferfish have a dangerous neurotoxin in their organs which is powerful enough to kill small predators.
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Neurotoxins are especially dangerous because they affect an animal's nervous system,
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which includes their brain and how their brain communicates to the rest of their body.
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With all of these defenses, it may seem like pufferfish should be invincible, but they do actually have some predators.
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Their main predators are sharks, some species of sea snakes, and large fish.
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Larger pufferfish have fewer predators than smaller species.
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The largest pufferfish is the starry puffer, which can measure between three and four feet in length or about one meter.
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The smallest species usually measure just a couple inches in length, sometimes even smaller.
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Not only do pufferfish vary in size, they also vary quite a bit in their colors and patterns.
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Some pufferfish species have the ability to slightly change their color
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or the intensity of their color depending on conditions in their environment.
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And as we mentioned before, many pufferfish have counter shading where they have a darker color on their back and a lighter belly.
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Counter shading is primarily used for avoiding predators, though some pufferfish species also use it to help them sneak up on their prey.
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Most pufferfish species feed on algae and small invertebrates.
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Some of their main prey items include mollusks like clams, mussels, and snails.
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They also feed on crustaceans like crabs and shrimp, and they even feed on worms.
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The scientific name of the pufferfish family is tetraodontidae, which translates to four tooth.
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And they got this name because their teeth are fused together in a way
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that makes it appear like they have four large teeth.
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And their large teeth give them a beak-like structure
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that is strong enough to crack open the hard shells of mollusks and crustaceans.
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Pufferfish typically feed alone.
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The main reason pufferfish come together is for breeding.
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The breeding behaviors of pufferfish vary quite a lot between species.
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Most ocean pufferfish reproduce by spawning, where females release their eggs,
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males release their sperm into the water at the same time where they become fertilized and they float around as plankton.
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Some species attach their eggs to hard structures like rocks instead.
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Either way, the eggs develop in the water and And eventually, a pufferfish emerges that resembles a tiny little version of the adult.
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There is a unique species of pufferfish,
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the white-spotted pufferfish, that actually attracts mates by creating elaborate designs in the sand.
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If females are impressed by the design, she'll mate with that male and lay her eggs in the sand in the design.
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This behavior has stumped scientists for years and years.
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If you'd like to learn more about it and watch a video, please be sure to visit our lesson.
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Regardless of their breeding behaviors, newborn pufferfish are incredibly small and vulnerable to predators.
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Some species actually have a coating of poison on their body when they're young rather than in their organs,
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which actually causes predators to spit them out if they try to eat them.
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A pufferfish's poisons can actually be deadly to humans as well for those that are brave enough to eat them.
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Pufferfish is considered to be a delicacy in some parts of the world, and if it's not cooked and prepared properly,
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it could be bad news for any human that tries to eat it.
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Overfishing pufferfish and collecting them for the aquarium trade can be harmful to pufferfish populations.
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However, their greatest threat is actually habitat loss.
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In many parts of the world, the coral reefs that they rely on for protection and finding food are being damaged.
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And one way that we can help protect pufferfish is by protecting coral reefs, especially the parts of the reefs that are important to them.
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Some organizations, like a scuba diving shop in Costa Rica,
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is actually working to train scuba divers in the area to identify pufferfish species
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and document their sightings so we can learn more about the parts of the reef that the pufferfish rely on.
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Now in other parts of the world pufferfish can actually be a problem.
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In some regions pufferfish are invasive.
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They've been introduced to areas where they are not supposed to be and they out-compete native species for food.
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Local governments in these regions have worked with fishing organizations to
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try to encourage people to take as many pufferfish out of the ocean as they can
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and unfortunately they haven't really seen much success because pufferfish breed so quickly that their populations just seem to keep growing.
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So pufferfish are unusual for us to talk about for conservation
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because depending on where you are in the world pufferfish may need our protection or they may need to be removed.
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If you would like to learn more about puffer fish conservation and if you would like to do quizzes,
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activities, projects and learn even more please be sure to visit that link below to check out our puffer fish lesson.
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Thank you so very much for joining me today to learn all about the adorable puffer fish.
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I can't wait to see you at our next lesson.
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Thank you very much.
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Bye!
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: pufferfish, species, predator, fish, reef. בסרטון הזה יש 90 משפטים ו-1276 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 8:54. הדובר שומר על קצב יציב של כ-143 מילים בדקה, קצב נוח לתרגול Shadowing. רק 77% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| predator שם עצם | /ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/ | טוֹרֵף |
| reef שם עצם | /ɹiːf/ | שׁוּנִית |
| balloon שם עצם | /bəˈlun/ | בָּלוֹן |
| coral שם עצם | /ˈkɔɹəl/ | אַלְמוֹג |
| prey שם עצם | /pɹeɪ/ | טֶרֶף |
| sneak פועל | /sniːk/ | הִתְגַּנֵּב, הִתְפַלֵּחַ |
| poison שם עצם | /ˈpɔɪ.zən/ | רַעַל, סַם |
| belly שם עצם | /ˈbɛli/ | בֶּטֶן |
| organ שם עצם | /ˈɔːɡən/ | אֵיבָר |
| shade שם עצם | /ʃeɪd/ | צֵל |
| depend פועל | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | היה תלוי |
| crevice שם עצם | /ˈkɹɛvɪs/ | סדק, בקיע |
| delicacy שם עצם | /ˈdɛlɪkəsi/ | מַעֲדָן, מַטְעָם |
| intimidate פועל | /ɪnˈtɪmɪdeɪt/ | הפחיד, איים |
| mussel שם עצם | /ˈmʌsəl/ | מוּל |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | משמעות |
|---|---|
| check out פועל | בדק |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | is also covered · is primarily used · are fused |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | has stumped · They've been introduced · have worked |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | balloon, which is · organs which is · puffer, which can |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-13 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו they're, can't, haven't. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: pufferfish /ˈpʌfɚˌfɪʃ/, camouflage /ˈkæ.məˌflɑːʒ/, crustacean /kɹʌsˈteɪʃən/, shade /ʃeɪd/, blowfish /ˈbloʊˌfɪʃ/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: neurotoxin /ˈn(j)ʊɹoʊtɑksɪn/, adorable /əˈdoɹ.əˌbəl/, delicacy /ˈdɛlɪkəsi/, intimidate /ɪnˈtɪmɪdeɪt/, invertebrate /ɪnˈvəːtɪbrət/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: freshwater /ˈfɹɛʃˌwɔːtə(ɹ)/, aquarium /əˈkwɛɹ.i.jəm/, worm /wɝm/, quiz /kwɪz/, swallow /ˈswɑ.loʊ/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: camouflage /ˈkæ.məˌflɑːʒ/, habitat /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/, plankton /ˈplæŋ(k).tən/, ambush /ˈæm.bʊʃ/, attach /əˈtæt͡ʃ/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: predator /ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/, reef /ɹiːf/, breed /ˈbɹiːd/, coral /ˈkɔɹəl/, crustacean /kɹʌsˈteɪʃən/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט במהירות רגילה, וחזרו על כל משפט עד שהקצב שלכם תואם את הדובר.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו predator, reef, balloon.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.