Shadowing Practice: The easy way to keep your repos tidy. - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Hello and welcome.

I'm James Murphy and today we're talking about PreCommit, which is a really cool tool that you can use to keep your codebase tidy

and catch some simple mistakes before things ever get committed into Git.

It happens.

There's a new person on your team that doesn't really know about PEP8, or you just forget to run your code formatter, or you just make a typo in a config file somewhere.

But at the time, you don't really notice, so you just go ahead and git commit.

Then either something breaks, or just the quality of your codebase has gone down just a little bit.

Well, a bad config you can fix, and code you can just reformat.

But still, wouldn't it be better if you could just catch those errors before the commit happens?

That's what pre-commit is for.

Here's the story of pre-commit.

Basically, git has a notion of what are called commit hooks.

These are things that happen either before you commit or just after you commit or when you push or when you pull, things like that.

Git will store this and a whole bunch of other information in the .git folder inside a directory.

Depending on your editor, this folder might be hidden, so just look out for that.

You might have to unhide it.

This hooks folder is where git stores all these different hooks.

The ones you see here are just samples.

If you were to get rid of that .sample on the end of the file name, then git would actually run that action at that corresponding So if I have a file named pre-commit,

then Git will run that script right before a commit happens.

But you don't need to go out and waste your time writing something like this yourself.

A lot of really good scripts have already been written.

The pre-commit project just makes it really easy to pick

and choose things that you want to check for your own code base.

Let's start simple.

All I want to do is make sure that before I commit anything, I run my code formatter on it.

Of course, I can just run the code formatter before I commit, but the point is I shouldn't have to remember to do that.

Why not just make it automatic?

Well, it's super simple to set up.

Open up your terminal and just pip install pre-commit.

Then, at the root of your project, just make a new file called .precommitconfig.yaml.

Then, it's just this easy to add automatic code formatting on every commit.

You specify precommit hooks by just giving a git repository.

In this case, I'm using GitHub, but you can actually use any git repository, even a local one.

You specify the git tag that it's going to use, and then some information about what command to run and what arguments to give it.

In this case, I'll be using black to do the actual code formatting.

Then you use pre-commit to install the githooks into your githooks folder.

Now if we go and look in our githooks folder, we see that we have this new pre-commit file.

Alright, now let's add our files to git, commit, and see what happens.

As you can see, it ran black and the commit failed because some modifications were made, and it's not going to commit anything automatically.

I can go and manually inspect the hello file and see that everything looks good, or just compare the diff like I normally would before a commit.

Note that these modifications to the hello file were made after the file was staged.

That means I need to git add this file again, or if something went wrong and I don't like the changes that were automatically made,

then I can git restore the file to go back to the way it was before.

In this case, I'm happy with the changes, so I will add and then try to commit again.

This time, since everything passed, the commit went through.

Note that some graphical editors like this one, PyCharm, have built-in Git support and they will automatically add tracked files when you try to commit.

So if that's the case then it might look more like this.

Here I have a spurious space in there and I'm going to go ahead and try and commit.

Then I try to commit and I see the commit failed and I can go to the console to see what errors.

I see that it deleted the extra space

and then I can just go ahead and click commit again and then this time it will succeed.

So what else can you do besides automatically formatting your code?

Well you can write your own commit hooks so you can pretty much do whatever you want, but there are a ton of really good ones already written on this website here.

Here are just a few of my favorites.

You can delete trailing whitespace, make sure a file is either empty or ends with a new line, make sure that any yaml files have valid yaml in them,

make sure you're not accidentally committing any really big files into your repository, and check for any spurious breakpoints that you forgot to delete before committing.

You can also run your linter like flake 8, you can reorder and standardize the order that your imports happen in, you can check for outdated syntax and replace it with its modern equivalent,

and this would also be a good place to run your type checker, like MyPy.

Pre-commit is most popular in the Python world, but it's not something that's just limited to Python.

There are premade scripts for doing things like running clang-tidy or clang-format, or some other code formatter for a different language.

You don't have to reinstall anything if you change the YAML file, just go ahead and commit.

We see the commit failed because of a MyPy error, telling us that we passed the wrong kind of argument to this function f.

Also note that most hooks will only run if an applicable file actually changed.

So it's not going to be reformatting code that it already formatted and hasn't changed.

Finally, there's the question of safety.

How safe is it to automatically run programs on your source code before committing them?

Well, this ultimately goes down to the project and whether or not you trust the project to do the right thing.

Of course, these little scripts can be written by anyone, so if they put something malicious in, then you're going to be out of luck.

You can fix a specific version or even a specific hash in the config file.

This helps mitigate things like what if this project gets hacked and an attacker uploads something malicious.

But as always, only use projects that you really trust.

As far as accidental errors go though, like what if black accidentally changed the meaning of the code?

Well, that's something that I haven't actually run into.

If something did go wrong, it would really be up to you to catch it in the git diff or by running tests.

Of course, for an accidental mistake, you can always revert using the git restore command that I talked about earlier.

Well, that's all I've got.

I hope this makes your repos better.

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Vocabulary and speaking notes for this lesson

This video has 78 sentences and 1244 words to shadow. The speech runs for 5:52. The speaker talks fast, about 212 words per minute, so expect linked and reduced sounds. Only 80% of the words are among the 3,000 most common in English, so the vocabulary is demanding.

Key vocabulary in this video

15 words from the video worth learning, with pronunciation and meaning:

Word	Pronunciation	Meaning
commit verb	/kəˈmɪt/	To give in trust; to put into charge or keeping; to entrust; to consign; used with to or formerly unto.
hook noun	/hʊk/	A rod bent into a curved shape, typically with one end free and the other end secured to a rope or other attachment.
format noun	/ˈfɔːɹ.mæt/	The layout of a publication or document.
folder noun	/ˈfoʊldɚ/	An organizer that papers are kept in, usually with an index tab, to be stored as a single unit in a filing cabinet.
script noun	/skɹɪpt/	A writing; a written document.
delete verb	/dɪˈliːt/	To remove, get rid of or erase, especially written or printed material, or data on a computer or other device.
automatic adjective	/ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/	Capable of operating without external control or intervention.
accidentally adverb	/ˌæk.sɪˈdɛnt(ə)li/	In an accidental manner; by chance, unexpectedly.
restore verb	/ɹɪˈstoɹ/	To reestablish, or bring back into existence.
install verb	/ɪnˈstɔl/	To connect, set up or prepare something for use
accidental adjective	/ˌæk.sɪˈdɛn.tl̩/	Pertaining to accident and not essence; thus, inessential; incidental; secondary.
specify verb	/ˈspɛs.əˌfaɪ/	To state explicitly, or in detail, or as a condition.
modification noun	/ˌmɑdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/	The change undergone by a word when used in a construction.
malicious adjective	/məˈlɪʃəs/	Intending to do harm; characterized by spite and malice.
tidy adjective	/ˈtaɪ.di/	Arranged neatly and in order.

Phrasal verbs you will hear

Word	Pronunciation	Meaning
go ahead verb	/ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/	To proceed with; to begin.
go back to verb		To stem from; to originate in.
go down verb		To descend; to move from a higher place to a lower one.
go out verb		To leave, especially a building.
go through verb		To travel from one end of something to the other.
open up verb		To open.
set up verb	/ˌsɛt ˈʌp/	To make ready for use.

Pronunciation to watch

The speaker uses 18 contractions and reduced forms, such as don't, I'm, you're. Say them the short way, as you hear them.

The “sh” and “zh” sounds: modification /ˌmɑdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, malicious /məˈlɪʃəs/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/, hash /ˈhæʃ/
Long words — get the stress right: automatic /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/, accidentally /ˌæk.sɪˈdɛnt(ə)li/, modification /ˌmɑdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, applicable /əˈplɪk.ə.bəl/, directory /dɪˈɹɛktəɹi/

How to practise with this video

Listen to the whole video once without speaking and note the words you do not know.
Start at 0.75× speed, shadow it sentence by sentence, then go back to normal speed once it feels easy.
Record yourself and compare with the original, paying attention to words like commit, hook, format.

דקדוק בסרטון הזה

המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:

מבנה	בסרטון
סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה	are called · might be hidden · been written
הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו	has gone · have already been written · have built

מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?

שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.

טכניקת Shadowing: קרא את המדריך המלא שלב אחר שלב →

Shadowing Practice: The easy way to keep your repos tidy. - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Video

Vocabulary and speaking notes for this lesson

Key vocabulary in this video

Phrasal verbs you will hear

Pronunciation to watch

How to practise with this video

דקדוק בסרטון הזה

מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?