शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Natural Gas 101 - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
पाठ बनाया जा रहा है...
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Natural gas.
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Natural gas is primarily methane, or CH4, with smaller quantities of other hydrocarbons.
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It was formed millions of years ago
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when dead organisms sunk to the bottom of the ocean and were buried under deposits of sedimentary rock.
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Subject to intense heat and pressure, these organisms underwent a transformation in which they were converted to gas over millions of years.
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Natural gas is found in underground rocks called reservoirs.
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The rocks have tiny spaces called pores that allow them to hold water, natural gas, and sometimes oil.
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The natural gas is trapped underground by impermeable rock called a cap rock and stays there until it is extracted.
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Natural gas can be categorized as dry or wet.
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Dry gas is essentially gas that contains mostly methane.
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Wet gas, on the other hand, contains compounds such as ethane and butane, in addition to methane.
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These natural gas liquids, or NGLs for short, can be separated and sold individually for various uses, such as in refrigerants and to produce products, like plastics.
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Conventional natural gas can be extracted through drilling wells.
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Unconventional forms of natural gas, like shale gas, tight gas, sour gas, and coal bed methane, have specific extraction techniques.
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Natural gas can also be found in reservoirs with oil and is sometimes extracted alongside oil.
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This type of natural gas is called associated gas.
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In the past, associated gas was commonly flared or burned as a waste product, but in most places today it is captured and used.
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Once extracted, natural gas is sent through small pipelines called gathering lines to processing plants, which separate the various hydrocarbons
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and fluids from the pure natural gas to produce what is
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known as pipeline quality dry natural gas before it can be transported.
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Processing involves four main steps to remove the various impurities.
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Oil and condensate removal, water removal, separation of natural gas liquids, sulfur and carbon dioxide removal.
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Gas is then transported through pipelines called feeders to distribution centers where it is stored in underground reservoirs for later use.
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In some cases, gas is liquefied for shipping in large tankers across oceans.
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This type of gas is called liquefied natural gas, or LNG.
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Natural gas is mostly used for domestic or industrial heating and to generate electricity.
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It can also be compressed and used to fuel vehicles and as a feedstock for fertilizers, hydrogen fuel cells, and other chemical processes.
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Natural gas development, especially in the United States, has increased as a result of technological advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing.
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When natural gas is burned, there are fewer greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants when compared to other fossil fuels.
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In fact, when used to produce electricity, natural gas emits approximately half the carbon emissions of coal.
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Despite fewer emissions, natural gas is still a source of CO2.
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In addition, methane is a potent greenhouse gas itself, having nearly 24 times the impact of CO2.
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During the extraction and transportation process, natural gas can escape into the atmosphere and contribute to climate change.
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Natural gas leaks are also dangerous to nearby communities because it is a colorless, odorless, highly toxic and highly explosive gas.
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That's natural gas.
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 35 वाक्य और 528 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 3:28 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 153 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्वाभाविक गति से बोलता है, जो रोज़मर्रा की बातचीत के करीब है। केवल 75% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली कठिन है।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 15 कम प्रचलित शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
- removal /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/ (संज्ञा) — बहिष्कार. The process of removing or the fact of being removed.
- underground /ˌʌn.dəɹˈɡɹaʊnd/ (विशेषण) — भूमिगत, अंतर्भौम. Below the ground; below the surface of the Earth.
- pipeline /ˈpaɪpˌlaɪn/ (संज्ञा) — पाइपलाइन. A conduit made of pipes used to convey water, gas or petroleum, etc.
- reservoir /ˈɹɛz.ə(ɹ).vwɑɹ/ (संज्ञा) — कोश. A place where anything is kept in store.
- emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/ (संज्ञा) — उत्सर्जन. Something which is emitted or sent out; issue.
- liquid /ˈlɪk.wɪd/ (संज्ञा) — द्रव, तरल. A substance that is flowing, and keeping no shape, such as water; a substance of which the molecules, while not tending to separate from one another like those…
- drill /dɹɪl/ (संज्ञा) — ड्रिल, बरमा. A tool or machine used to remove material so as to create a hole, typically by plunging a rotating cutting bit into a stationary workpiece.
- extraction /ɪkˈstɹækʃən/ (संज्ञा) — निकालना. The act of extracting or the condition of being extracted.
- greenhouse /ˈɡɹːnˌ(h)aʊs/ (संज्ञा) — ग्रीनहाउस, हरितगृह. A building used to grow plants, particularly one with large glass windows or plastic sheeting to trap heat from sunlight even in intemperate seasons or…
- organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ (संज्ञा) — जीव. A discrete and complete living thing, such as animal, plant, fungus or microorganism.
- technique /tɛkˈniːk/ (संज्ञा) — तकनीक. The practical aspects of a given art, occupation etc.; formal requirements.
- atmosphere /ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/ (संज्ञा) — वायुमण्डल, वायुमंडल. The gases surrounding the Earth or any astronomical body.
- compare /kəmˈpɛɚ/ (क्रिया) — तौलना. To assess the similarities and differences between two or more things [“to compare X with Y”]. Having made the comparison of X with Y, one might have found it…
- intense /ɪnˈtɛns/ (विशेषण) — प्रचंड, अतिमात्र. Of a characteristic: extreme or very high or strong in degree; severe; also, excessive, towering.
- commonly /ˈkɑmənli/ (क्रिया विशेषण) — सामान्यतः. As a rule; frequently; usually.
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
- “th” की ध्वनियाँ: methane /ˈmiːθeɪn/, gather /ˈɡæðɚ/, ethane /ˈɛθeɪn/
- “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, extraction /ɪkˈstɹækʃən/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, primarily /ˈpɹaɪ.mə.ɹə.li/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- 0.75× गति से शुरू करें, एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें, और सहज लगने पर सामान्य गति पर लौटें।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर removal, underground, pipeline जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| “used to” used to + क्रिया — बीती आदत या स्थिति जो अब नहीं है | used to fuel · used to produce |
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | was formed · were buried · were converted |
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।