Pratique du Shadowing: Natural Gas 101 - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
Création de la leçon...
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Natural gas.
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Natural gas is primarily methane, or CH4, with smaller quantities of other hydrocarbons.
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It was formed millions of years ago
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when dead organisms sunk to the bottom of the ocean and were buried under deposits of sedimentary rock.
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Subject to intense heat and pressure, these organisms underwent a transformation in which they were converted to gas over millions of years.
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Natural gas is found in underground rocks called reservoirs.
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The rocks have tiny spaces called pores that allow them to hold water, natural gas, and sometimes oil.
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The natural gas is trapped underground by impermeable rock called a cap rock and stays there until it is extracted.
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Natural gas can be categorized as dry or wet.
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Dry gas is essentially gas that contains mostly methane.
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Wet gas, on the other hand, contains compounds such as ethane and butane, in addition to methane.
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These natural gas liquids, or NGLs for short, can be separated and sold individually for various uses, such as in refrigerants and to produce products, like plastics.
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Conventional natural gas can be extracted through drilling wells.
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Unconventional forms of natural gas, like shale gas, tight gas, sour gas, and coal bed methane, have specific extraction techniques.
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Natural gas can also be found in reservoirs with oil and is sometimes extracted alongside oil.
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This type of natural gas is called associated gas.
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In the past, associated gas was commonly flared or burned as a waste product, but in most places today it is captured and used.
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Once extracted, natural gas is sent through small pipelines called gathering lines to processing plants, which separate the various hydrocarbons
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and fluids from the pure natural gas to produce what is
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known as pipeline quality dry natural gas before it can be transported.
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Processing involves four main steps to remove the various impurities.
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Oil and condensate removal, water removal, separation of natural gas liquids, sulfur and carbon dioxide removal.
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Gas is then transported through pipelines called feeders to distribution centers where it is stored in underground reservoirs for later use.
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In some cases, gas is liquefied for shipping in large tankers across oceans.
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This type of gas is called liquefied natural gas, or LNG.
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Natural gas is mostly used for domestic or industrial heating and to generate electricity.
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It can also be compressed and used to fuel vehicles and as a feedstock for fertilizers, hydrogen fuel cells, and other chemical processes.
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Natural gas development, especially in the United States, has increased as a result of technological advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing.
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When natural gas is burned, there are fewer greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants when compared to other fossil fuels.
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In fact, when used to produce electricity, natural gas emits approximately half the carbon emissions of coal.
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Despite fewer emissions, natural gas is still a source of CO2.
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In addition, methane is a potent greenhouse gas itself, having nearly 24 times the impact of CO2.
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During the extraction and transportation process, natural gas can escape into the atmosphere and contribute to climate change.
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Natural gas leaks are also dangerous to nearby communities because it is a colorless, odorless, highly toxic and highly explosive gas.
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That's natural gas.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 35 phrases et 528 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 3:28. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 153 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 75 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots moins courants de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
- methane /ˈmiːθeɪn/ (nom) — méthane. The simplest aliphatic hydrocarbon, CH₄, being a constituent of natural gas, and one of the most abundant greenhouse gases.
- extract /ˈɛkstɹækt/ (nom) — extrait. Something that is extracted or drawn out.
- removal /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/ (nom) — enlèvement, élimination. The process of removing or the fact of being removed.
- underground /ˌʌn.dəɹˈɡɹaʊnd/ (adjectif) — souterrain. Below the ground; below the surface of the Earth.
- pipeline /ˈpaɪpˌlaɪn/ (nom) — pipeline. A conduit made of pipes used to convey water, gas or petroleum, etc.
- reservoir /ˈɹɛz.ə(ɹ).vwɑɹ/ (nom) — réservoir. A place where anything is kept in store.
- emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/ (nom) — émission. Something which is emitted or sent out; issue.
- liquid /ˈlɪk.wɪd/ (nom) — liquide. A substance that is flowing, and keeping no shape, such as water; a substance of which the molecules, while not tending to separate from one another like those…
- fewer /ˈfjuː.ɚ/ — moins (de). Less; a smaller amount of something non-integral commonly expressed as an integer
- drill /dɹɪl/ (nom) — foreuse, perceuse. A tool or machine used to remove material so as to create a hole, typically by plunging a rotating cutting bit into a stationary workpiece.
- extraction /ɪkˈstɹækʃən/ (nom) — extraction. The act of extracting or the condition of being extracted.
- greenhouse /ˈɡɹːnˌ(h)aʊs/ (nom) — serre. A building used to grow plants, particularly one with large glass windows or plastic sheeting to trap heat from sunlight even in intemperate seasons or…
- organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ (nom) — organisme. A discrete and complete living thing, such as animal, plant, fungus or microorganism.
- primarily /ˈpɹaɪ.mə.ɹə.li/ (adverbe) — principalement, essentiellement. Of a primary or central nature, first and foremost.
- technique /tɛkˈniːk/ (nom) — technique. The practical aspects of a given art, occupation etc.; formal requirements.
Prononciation à surveiller
- Les sons « th »: methane /ˈmiːθeɪn/, gather /ˈɡæðɚ/, ethane /ˈɛθeɪn/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, extraction /ɪkˈstɹækʃən/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, primarily /ˈpɹaɪ.mə.ɹə.li/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme methane, extract, removal.
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| « Used to » used to + verbe — une habitude ou un état passé qui n’est plus vrai | used to fuel · used to produce |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | was formed · were buried · were converted |
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.