跟读练习: Natural Gas 101 - 通过视频学习英语口语
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Natural gas.
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Natural gas is primarily methane, or CH4, with smaller quantities of other hydrocarbons.
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It was formed millions of years ago
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when dead organisms sunk to the bottom of the ocean and were buried under deposits of sedimentary rock.
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Subject to intense heat and pressure, these organisms underwent a transformation in which they were converted to gas over millions of years.
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Natural gas is found in underground rocks called reservoirs.
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The rocks have tiny spaces called pores that allow them to hold water, natural gas, and sometimes oil.
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The natural gas is trapped underground by impermeable rock called a cap rock and stays there until it is extracted.
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Natural gas can be categorized as dry or wet.
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Dry gas is essentially gas that contains mostly methane.
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Wet gas, on the other hand, contains compounds such as ethane and butane, in addition to methane.
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These natural gas liquids, or NGLs for short, can be separated and sold individually for various uses, such as in refrigerants and to produce products, like plastics.
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Conventional natural gas can be extracted through drilling wells.
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Unconventional forms of natural gas, like shale gas, tight gas, sour gas, and coal bed methane, have specific extraction techniques.
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Natural gas can also be found in reservoirs with oil and is sometimes extracted alongside oil.
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This type of natural gas is called associated gas.
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In the past, associated gas was commonly flared or burned as a waste product, but in most places today it is captured and used.
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Once extracted, natural gas is sent through small pipelines called gathering lines to processing plants, which separate the various hydrocarbons
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and fluids from the pure natural gas to produce what is
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known as pipeline quality dry natural gas before it can be transported.
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Processing involves four main steps to remove the various impurities.
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Oil and condensate removal, water removal, separation of natural gas liquids, sulfur and carbon dioxide removal.
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Gas is then transported through pipelines called feeders to distribution centers where it is stored in underground reservoirs for later use.
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In some cases, gas is liquefied for shipping in large tankers across oceans.
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This type of gas is called liquefied natural gas, or LNG.
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Natural gas is mostly used for domestic or industrial heating and to generate electricity.
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It can also be compressed and used to fuel vehicles and as a feedstock for fertilizers, hydrogen fuel cells, and other chemical processes.
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Natural gas development, especially in the United States, has increased as a result of technological advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing.
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When natural gas is burned, there are fewer greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants when compared to other fossil fuels.
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In fact, when used to produce electricity, natural gas emits approximately half the carbon emissions of coal.
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Despite fewer emissions, natural gas is still a source of CO2.
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In addition, methane is a potent greenhouse gas itself, having nearly 24 times the impact of CO2.
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During the extraction and transportation process, natural gas can escape into the atmosphere and contribute to climate change.
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Natural gas leaks are also dangerous to nearby communities because it is a colorless, odorless, highly toxic and highly explosive gas.
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That's natural gas.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这段视频共有 35 个句子、528 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 3:28。 说话人语速自然，每分钟约 153 个词，接近日常对话。 只有 75% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中 15 个不太常见的单词，附发音和释义：
- methane /ˈmiːθeɪn/ (名词) — 甲烷. The simplest aliphatic hydrocarbon, CH₄, being a constituent of natural gas, and one of the most abundant greenhouse gases.
- extract /ˈɛkstɹækt/ (名词) — 精. Something that is extracted or drawn out.
- underground /ˌʌn.dəɹˈɡɹaʊnd/ (形容词) — 地下. Below the ground; below the surface of the Earth.
- pipeline /ˈpaɪpˌlaɪn/ (名词) — 管道, 管線 /管线. A conduit made of pipes used to convey water, gas or petroleum, etc.
- reservoir /ˈɹɛz.ə(ɹ).vwɑɹ/ (名词) — 儲備 /储备. A place where anything is kept in store.
- emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/ (名词) — 排放. Something which is emitted or sent out; issue.
- associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/ (名词) — 同行, 同事. A person united with another or others in an act, enterprise, or business; a partner or employee.
- liquid /ˈlɪk.wɪd/ (名词) — 液體 /液体, 液態 /液态. A substance that is flowing, and keeping no shape, such as water; a substance of which the molecules, while not tending to separate from one another like those…
- fewer /ˈfjuː.ɚ/ — 較少 /较少, 更少. Less; a smaller amount of something non-integral commonly expressed as an integer
- drill /dɹɪl/ (名词) — 鑽 /钻. A tool or machine used to remove material so as to create a hole, typically by plunging a rotating cutting bit into a stationary workpiece.
- greenhouse /ˈɡɹːnˌ(h)aʊs/ (名词) — 溫室 /温室. A building used to grow plants, particularly one with large glass windows or plastic sheeting to trap heat from sunlight even in intemperate seasons or…
- organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ (名词) — 生物, 有機體 /有机体. A discrete and complete living thing, such as animal, plant, fungus or microorganism.
- technique /tɛkˈniːk/ (名词) — 技術 /技术, 技巧. The practical aspects of a given art, occupation etc.; formal requirements.
- atmosphere /ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/ (名词) — 大氣 /大气, 氣圈 /气圈. The gases surrounding the Earth or any astronomical body.
- alongside /əˌlɔŋˈsaɪd/ — 旁邊 /旁边. Side by side with.
需要注意的发音
- “th” 音: methane /ˈmiːθeɪn/, gather /ˈɡæðɚ/, ethane /ˈɛθeɪn/
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, extraction /ɪkˈstɹækʃən/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, primarily /ˈpɹaɪ.mə.ɹə.li/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 methane, extract, underground 这类单词。
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| “used to” used to + 动词 — 过去的习惯或状态，现在已不再如此 | used to fuel · used to produce |
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | was formed · were buried · were converted |
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。