Практика Shadowing: Natural Gas 101 - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Создание урока...
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Natural gas.
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Natural gas is primarily methane, or CH4, with smaller quantities of other hydrocarbons.
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It was formed millions of years ago
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when dead organisms sunk to the bottom of the ocean and were buried under deposits of sedimentary rock.
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Subject to intense heat and pressure, these organisms underwent a transformation in which they were converted to gas over millions of years.
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Natural gas is found in underground rocks called reservoirs.
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The rocks have tiny spaces called pores that allow them to hold water, natural gas, and sometimes oil.
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The natural gas is trapped underground by impermeable rock called a cap rock and stays there until it is extracted.
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Natural gas can be categorized as dry or wet.
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Dry gas is essentially gas that contains mostly methane.
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Wet gas, on the other hand, contains compounds such as ethane and butane, in addition to methane.
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These natural gas liquids, or NGLs for short, can be separated and sold individually for various uses, such as in refrigerants and to produce products, like plastics.
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Conventional natural gas can be extracted through drilling wells.
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Unconventional forms of natural gas, like shale gas, tight gas, sour gas, and coal bed methane, have specific extraction techniques.
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Natural gas can also be found in reservoirs with oil and is sometimes extracted alongside oil.
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This type of natural gas is called associated gas.
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In the past, associated gas was commonly flared or burned as a waste product, but in most places today it is captured and used.
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Once extracted, natural gas is sent through small pipelines called gathering lines to processing plants, which separate the various hydrocarbons
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and fluids from the pure natural gas to produce what is
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known as pipeline quality dry natural gas before it can be transported.
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Processing involves four main steps to remove the various impurities.
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Oil and condensate removal, water removal, separation of natural gas liquids, sulfur and carbon dioxide removal.
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Gas is then transported through pipelines called feeders to distribution centers where it is stored in underground reservoirs for later use.
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In some cases, gas is liquefied for shipping in large tankers across oceans.
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This type of gas is called liquefied natural gas, or LNG.
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Natural gas is mostly used for domestic or industrial heating and to generate electricity.
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It can also be compressed and used to fuel vehicles and as a feedstock for fertilizers, hydrogen fuel cells, and other chemical processes.
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Natural gas development, especially in the United States, has increased as a result of technological advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing.
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When natural gas is burned, there are fewer greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants when compared to other fossil fuels.
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In fact, when used to produce electricity, natural gas emits approximately half the carbon emissions of coal.
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Despite fewer emissions, natural gas is still a source of CO2.
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In addition, methane is a potent greenhouse gas itself, having nearly 24 times the impact of CO2.
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During the extraction and transportation process, natural gas can escape into the atmosphere and contribute to climate change.
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Natural gas leaks are also dangerous to nearby communities because it is a colorless, odorless, highly toxic and highly explosive gas.
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That's natural gas.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
В этом видео 35 предложений и 528 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 3:28. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 153 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 75% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 менее частых слов из видео с произношением и значением:
- methane /ˈmiːθeɪn/ (существительное) — мета́н. The simplest aliphatic hydrocarbon, CH₄, being a constituent of natural gas, and one of the most abundant greenhouse gases.
- extract /ˈɛkstɹækt/ (существительное) — экстра́кт, извлече́ние. Something that is extracted or drawn out.
- removal /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/ (существительное) — удаление. The process of removing or the fact of being removed.
- underground /ˌʌn.dəɹˈɡɹaʊnd/ (прилагательное) — подзе́мный. Below the ground; below the surface of the Earth.
- pipeline /ˈpaɪpˌlaɪn/ (существительное) — трубопрово́д, нефтепрово́д. A conduit made of pipes used to convey water, gas or petroleum, etc.
- reservoir /ˈɹɛz.ə(ɹ).vwɑɹ/ (существительное) — резервуа́р, храни́лище. A place where anything is kept in store.
- emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/ (существительное) — вы́брос, вы́пуск. Something which is emitted or sent out; issue.
- associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/ (существительное) — партнёр, партнёрша. A person united with another or others in an act, enterprise, or business; a partner or employee.
- liquid /ˈlɪk.wɪd/ (существительное) — жи́дкость. A substance that is flowing, and keeping no shape, such as water; a substance of which the molecules, while not tending to separate from one another like those…
- fewer /ˈfjuː.ɚ/ — ме́ньше. Less; a smaller amount of something non-integral commonly expressed as an integer
- drill /dɹɪl/ (существительное) — дрель, бура́в. A tool or machine used to remove material so as to create a hole, typically by plunging a rotating cutting bit into a stationary workpiece.
- greenhouse /ˈɡɹːnˌ(h)aʊs/ (существительное) — тепли́ца, парни́к. A building used to grow plants, particularly one with large glass windows or plastic sheeting to trap heat from sunlight even in intemperate seasons or…
- organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ (существительное) — органи́зм. A discrete and complete living thing, such as animal, plant, fungus or microorganism.
- primarily /ˈpɹaɪ.mə.ɹə.li/ (наречие) — гла́вным о́бразом. Of a primary or central nature, first and foremost.
- technique /tɛkˈniːk/ (существительное) — те́хника. The practical aspects of a given art, occupation etc.; formal requirements.
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
- Звуки «th»: methane /ˈmiːθeɪn/, gather /ˈɡæðɚ/, ethane /ˈɛθeɪn/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, extraction /ɪkˈstɹækʃən/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, primarily /ˈpɹaɪ.mə.ɹə.li/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как methane, extract, removal.
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| «Used to» used to + глагол — прошлая привычка или состояние, которых больше нет | used to fuel · used to produce |
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | was formed · were buried · were converted |
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.