Pratica di Shadowing: The Rise Of Open-Source Software - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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Much of the software that powers the world's largest companies, protects our personal data, or encrypts national security information is open to the public.
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Anyone can download the source code behind Facebook's user interface, Google's Android operating system, or even
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Goldman Sachs' data modeling program and use it as a building block for a totally new project.
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What's more, lots of this software is actually developed collaboratively.
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Created and maintained by an army of thousands, from unpaid volunteers to employees at competing tech companies.
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As a kid in a small town in Virginia, I could get connected to the best developers anywhere on earth
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and learn from them and even read the code that they'd written.
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I really wanted to give back.
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And these people were always my heroes.
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So I wanted to participate too.
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And my voice mattered.
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It was just immediately I was hooked.
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This is the collaborative world of open source software, where code is written and shared freely.
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If individuals catch a bug or see an opportunity for improvement,
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they can suggest changes to the code and thereby become a contributor to some of the biggest software projects on Earth.
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But this model hasn't always been the norm.
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At the dawn of the Internet era through the late 1990s, proprietary software proliferated.
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Microsoft even went so far as to call open source un -American and bad for intellectual property rights.
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Software was a finite commodity that people hoarded and wanted to sell as a product.
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Open source software was only developed and maintained by a dedicated few.
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And there was this fringe world,
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there was this academic world who were creating software according to their own rules and sharing it publicly and making it free.
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Certainly dreamed, like wouldn't it be awesome if we could sort of take over the world.
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Now, open source has essentially taken over the world.
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companies in every industry from Walmart to ExxonMobil to Verizon have open sourced their projects.
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Microsoft has completely changed its point of view and is now seen as a leader in the space.
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And in 2016, the U .S government even promised to open source at least 20 % of all its new custom -developed code.
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So whether you know it or not, you are relying on volunteer labor in many cases of thousands of strangers from around the world.
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In the 1970s, the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab had a printer that regularly jammed.
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So staff programmer Richard Stallman altered its source code so that when problems arose, it would send a message to everyone in the lab saying,
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go fix the printer.
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When the lab finally got a new printer, Stallman discovered its source code was inaccessible.
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He asked for the code, got refused, got upset, and ultimately quit his job to develop a completely open operating system called GNU in 1983.
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With this, Stallman spearheaded the free software movement from which the open source movement was born.
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It's sort of a very natural way to work together.
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Collectively, if everybody comes and contributes their piece,
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you end up with something that's a lot greater than something that an individual could contribute on their own.
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But throughout the 1980s and the 1990s, proprietary software still dominated.
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And that was a very lucrative way of producing and selling software
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and created an incentive for large technology companies to create a proprietary de facto standard.
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It was against this backdrop that the open source operating system
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Linux was unceremoniously released in 1991.
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It incorporated many elements from Stallman's GNU project, but was mainly used by hobbyists looking for an alternative to Windows or Mac OS.
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Throughout the decade, though, Linux gained momentum as large companies took advantage of its flexibility
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and tweaked the software to their specific needs.
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By the turn of the century, NASA, Dell, and IBM were all using it.
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The platform itself changes nine times an hour.
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10 ,000 lines of code are added to Linux every day.
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About 5 ,000 lines are changed and about 8 ,000 lines are removed.
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It is by far the highest velocity, most effective software development process in the history of computing.
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As Linux grew, other open source projects were also gaining popularity, like the database management system MySQL, the Perl programming language, and the web server Apache.
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But for the layperson at the turn of the century, the rise of these technologies could have gone unnoticed.
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After all, hardly anyone ran
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Linux on their personal computers.
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But then, in 2008, Google released
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Android devices, which run on a modified version of Linux.
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Suddenly, the operating system blew up the smartphone market.
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We are still overwhelmed with the amount of innovation that is happening in that ecosystem of Android.
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Today there are over 2 .5 billion active devices using Android.
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As Google demonstrated, businesses were increasingly relying upon this complex web of open source technologies to build products and platforms quickly.
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And whether they knew it or not, this also meant that they were depending upon the vast open source community to maintain this software.
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The ability for one company to produce the amount of software that's required for any modern technology product or service became overwhelming.
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Today in a modern luxury automobile, there are more lines of software code than in an F -15 fighter jet.
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There's just simply too much software to be written for any single organization to ride it themselves.
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99 % of Fortune 500 companies use open source.
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Every web server is pretty much Linux.
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Most people choose to use open source programming languages.
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It's this like amazing buffet.
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You just come in and take this, this, this, this, this, and you slap together something.
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You can build amazingly powerful products with very little work.
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The sheer increase in volume drove a need amongst developers for a central repository where they could collaborate on these huge projects.
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And in 2008, GitHub provided an answer.
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What GitHub really did for open source is it kind of standardized the way
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that people can contribute to open source projects and interface with them.
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And so that any developer anywhere on earth knew how to contribute to a project on GitHub.
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And that fed this explosion of open source activity.
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Today, GitHub hosts the grand majority of the world's open source software projects.
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And in 2018, Microsoft even acquired GitHub, affirming the tech giant's commitment to open source development.
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We have about 140 million open source or software projects that are on GitHub,
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and over 50 million of those have been added just in the last year.
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So it's growing incredibly fast.
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And the community has expanded far beyond idealistic hobbyists, as major companies are increasingly leading the charge, spearheading the development of open source projects in -house.
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So we see companies like
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Intel, Google, Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft, all contributing heavily to open source.
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Googlers have been contributing to over 28 ,000 projects in 2018.
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This number includes projects that Google has driven, as well as contributions it's made to projects led by other companies or individuals.
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In the open source world, you have these fierce commercial rivals who collaborate every day together and they haven't signed anything.
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And it's not just software companies.
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ExxonMobil has open sourced its developer toolkit.
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Walmart open sourced its cloud management platform.
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And Goldman Sachs recently open sourced its data modeling program.
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This open source way of working turned out to be better
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because even in a big tech company where you might have 20 or 30 or 50 ,000 developers,
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you can't compete with the 40 million developers that are now on GitHub working on open source every day.
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Put simply, open source development has become the new norm.
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And so I expect to see more and more investment into open source communities and more and more projects,
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as well as companies finding ways to commercially monetize the activity that's collected across all of these different open source communities.
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So how is open source monetized when the product is basically given away for free?
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Basically, the answer lies in selling support services, subscriptions, and or commercial versions of the software.
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Red Hat, founded in 1993, was the first to figure out a successful business model, which relies upon selling support services for its operating system,
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Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
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Anyone can download the software for free.
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But if businesses want technical support and greater security, they'll need to buy a subscription.
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After decades of commercial success, IBM officially acquired
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Red Hat in 2019 for $34 billion.
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It was the largest software acquisition in history.
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It's really groundbreaking and it just shows the power and success of open source across the world, across the industries.
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While Red Hat's 100 % open source model has been hard to replicate,
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other companies like database program MongoDB and integration platform MuleSoft rely upon an open core model, meaning the basic features are free,
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but add -ons and other useful elements are proprietary.
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As these companies have racked up multi -billion dollar valuations, there's no doubt that on the enterprise level, there's big money in open source.
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But as for the individual developers, the hobbyists who contribute to and maintain open source projects just for fun,
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their path to profitability is much less clear.
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There are a lot of different models for how people make money in open source.
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One of the models is actually they don't.
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A lot of them are volunteers and they do this in the free time, in the evenings and on the weekends.
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But sometimes these just for fun side projects end up becoming widely used, critical to the internet infrastructure that we generally take for granted.
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Certain projects get so popular and so widely used that, you know, they're in every product.
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They're used by every company.
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And then this result of like, you know, massive
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Fortune 100, Fortune 500 companies building their businesses on top of this code that's written by hobbyists for who knows what reason, right?
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As one might imagine, problems can arise
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when critical systems are based on software
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that's maintained by unpaid volunteers with no professional obligation to see to the maintenance of the project.
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This issue came to a head in 2014.
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When the security vulnerability dubbed Heartbleed was found in OpenSSL,
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an open source encryption technology that's used by the majority of web servers to protect users' personal data.
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The flaw has gone undetected for about two years and has exposed millions of usernames, passwords and possibly credit card info as well.
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They left this lock capable of being picked because they didn't write the code quite right.
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And when they looked into it, the OpenSSL team was tiny.
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It was just a few people who were mostly working on donations and their donations had started to dry up.
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And understandably, these incredibly talented programmers had a hard time justifying spending full time on this,
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even though it was one of the most important building blocks of the entire Internet.
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Ultimately, organizations like the Linux Foundation pulled together to provide financial support for OpenSSL, as well as other critical pieces of underfunded open source software.
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But the disaster served as a wake -up call for an industry that still largely relies upon unpaid labor.
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The burden on the maintainer can become quite intense.
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You have sort of all these businesses coming in and saying, like, you know, your code is broken.
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It's preventing me from getting my job done.
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And so you get this, like, almost intense guilt.
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I feel like a lot of maintainers have a guilt.
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Now, companies are taking note and helping to formalize new funding models.
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In 2019, GitHub rolled out their Sponsors program, which allows developers to give and receive recurring donations for their work.
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We already have some people who are making their full living on GitHub Sponsors, so they don't have another job.
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And so that's huge for us.
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And that's really the key number that we are trying to move up.
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For developers like Aboukadije, making a full -time living around open source is indeed the dream.
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I prefer the freedom of being able to just follow my interests wherever they go
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and solve whatever problems I think are interesting.
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I'll never make money from some of the stuff I've worked on,
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but I think I've done a lot of good in the world by working on it.
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It's still early days, but if funding models like GitHub sponsors pay off,
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we may see a new class of software engineers eschewing traditional tech jobs in favor of independent, open -source work.
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Open -source has created so much technological progress, but because it never quite solved this funding problem in those early years,
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I think that we are at a point now where we could lay the groundwork for the next stage of open source.
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This could also mean expanding the cooperative ethos to industries outside of software.
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As the idea of sharing technology and collaborating collectively expands,
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we're moving into open hardware initiatives, data sharing initiatives.
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And that's really going to be the future.
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After all, the success of open source reveals that collaboration and knowledge sharing are more than just feel good buzzwords.
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They're an effective business strategy.
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And if we're going to solve some of the world's biggest problems, many believe that we can't afford to hoard our resources and learnings.
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We have environmental concerns.
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We're trying to understand things like cancer and Alzheimer's.
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These are major collaborative efforts.
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The complexity of building these technologies isn't going down.
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It's only going up.
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We can get that technology out there faster when everybody works together.
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Thank you.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “The Rise Of Open-Source Software”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: source, software, project, companies, code. Questo video contiene 95 frasi e 2260 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 13:43. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 165 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Il 84% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| developer sostantivo | /dɪˈvɛləpɚ/ | sviluppatore, sviluppatrice |
| contribute verbo | /kənˈtɹɪb.jut/ | contribuire |
| rely verbo | /ɹɪˈlaɪ/ | fare affidamento, basarsi |
| volunteer sostantivo | /ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/ | volontario, volontaria |
| server sostantivo | /ˈsɝvɚ/ | server |
| solve verbo | /sɒlv/ | risolvere |
| expand verbo | /ɪkˈspænd/ | estendere, espandere |
| donation sostantivo | /doʊˈneɪʃən/ | donazione |
| printer sostantivo | /ˈpɹɪntɚ/ | stampante |
| unpaid aggettivo | /ʌnˈpeɪd/ | impagato |
| collaborate verbo | /kəˈlæb.ə.ɹeɪt/ | collaborare |
| compete verbo | /kəmˈpiːt/ | competere, gareggiare |
| intense aggettivo | /ɪnˈtɛns/ | intenso |
| enterprise sostantivo | /ˈɛntəˌpɹaɪz/ | impresa |
| increasingly avverbio | sempre più, man a mano |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| take over verbo | usurpare |
| blow up verbo | saltare in aria, esplodere |
| end up verbo | andare a finire, finire |
| figure out verbo | scoprire, rendersi conto |
| give back verbo | rendere |
| go up verbo | salire |
| pay off verbo | corrompere |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | hasn't always been · have been added · has expanded |
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | is actually developed · is written · was only developed |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | people who were · people who are |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 20 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come they're, we're, can't. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/, ethos /ˈiθɑs/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: donation /doʊˈneɪʃən/, initiative /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/, subscription /səbˈskɹɪpʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, luxury /ˈlʌk.ʃə.ɹi/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: developer /dɪˈvɛləpɚ/, proprietary /pɹəˈpɹaɪ.ə.tə.ɹi/, collaborate /kəˈlæb.ə.ɹeɪt/, incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, initiative /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: hook /hʊk/, hardware /ˈhɑɹdˌwɛɹ/, wherever /(h)wɛɹˈɛvɚ/, hobbyist /ˈhɒb.ɪ.ɪst/, spearhead /ˈspɪɹ.hɛd/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: contribute /kənˈtɹɪb.jut/, solve /sɒlv/, expand /ɪkˈspænd/, unpaid /ʌnˈpeɪd/, collaborate /kəˈlæb.ə.ɹeɪt/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: expand /ɪkˈspænd/, collaborate /kəˈlæb.ə.ɹeɪt/, collaborative /kəˈlæb.ə.ɹə.tɪv/, programmer /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/, vast /væst/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come developer, contribute, rely.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.