シャドーイング練習: The Rise Of Open-Source Software - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Much of the software that powers the world's largest companies, protects our personal data, or encrypts national security information is open to the public.

世界の大手企業を支え、個人データを保護し、国家安全保障情報を暗号化するソフトウェアの多くは、一般公開されている。

Anyone can download the source code behind Facebook's user interface, Google's Android operating system, or even

Goldman Sachs' data modeling program and use it as a building block for a totally new project.

What's more, lots of this software is actually developed collaboratively.

Created and maintained by an army of thousands, from unpaid volunteers to employees at competing tech companies.

As a kid in a small town in Virginia, I could get connected to the best developers anywhere on earth

and learn from them and even read the code that they'd written.

I really wanted to give back.

And these people were always my heroes.

So I wanted to participate too.

And my voice mattered.

It was just immediately I was hooked.

This is the collaborative world of open source software, where code is written and shared freely.

If individuals catch a bug or see an opportunity for improvement,

they can suggest changes to the code and thereby become a contributor to some of the biggest software projects on Earth.

But this model hasn't always been the norm.

At the dawn of the Internet era through the late 1990s, proprietary software proliferated.

Microsoft even went so far as to call open source un -American and bad for intellectual property rights.

Software was a finite commodity that people hoarded and wanted to sell as a product.

Open source software was only developed and maintained by a dedicated few.

And there was this fringe world,

there was this academic world who were creating software according to their own rules and sharing it publicly and making it free.

Certainly dreamed, like wouldn't it be awesome if we could sort of take over the world.

Now, open source has essentially taken over the world.

companies in every industry from Walmart to ExxonMobil to Verizon have open sourced their projects.

Microsoft has completely changed its point of view and is now seen as a leader in the space.

And in 2016, the U .S government even promised to open source at least 20 % of all its new custom -developed code.

So whether you know it or not, you are relying on volunteer labor in many cases of thousands of strangers from around the world.

In the 1970s, the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab had a printer that regularly jammed.

So staff programmer Richard Stallman altered its source code so that when problems arose, it would send a message to everyone in the lab saying,

go fix the printer.

When the lab finally got a new printer, Stallman discovered its source code was inaccessible.

He asked for the code, got refused, got upset, and ultimately quit his job to develop a completely open operating system called GNU in 1983.

With this, Stallman spearheaded the free software movement from which the open source movement was born.

It's sort of a very natural way to work together.

Collectively, if everybody comes and contributes their piece,

you end up with something that's a lot greater than something that an individual could contribute on their own.

But throughout the 1980s and the 1990s, proprietary software still dominated.

And that was a very lucrative way of producing and selling software

and created an incentive for large technology companies to create a proprietary de facto standard.

It was against this backdrop that the open source operating system

Linux was unceremoniously released in 1991.

It incorporated many elements from Stallman's GNU project, but was mainly used by hobbyists looking for an alternative to Windows or Mac OS.

Throughout the decade, though, Linux gained momentum as large companies took advantage of its flexibility

and tweaked the software to their specific needs.

By the turn of the century, NASA, Dell, and IBM were all using it.

The platform itself changes nine times an hour.

10 ,000 lines of code are added to Linux every day.

About 5 ,000 lines are changed and about 8 ,000 lines are removed.

It is by far the highest velocity, most effective software development process in the history of computing.

As Linux grew, other open source projects were also gaining popularity, like the database management system MySQL, the Perl programming language, and the web server Apache.

But for the layperson at the turn of the century, the rise of these technologies could have gone unnoticed.

After all, hardly anyone ran

Linux on their personal computers.

But then, in 2008, Google released

Android devices, which run on a modified version of Linux.

Suddenly, the operating system blew up the smartphone market.

We are still overwhelmed with the amount of innovation that is happening in that ecosystem of Android.

Today there are over 2 .5 billion active devices using Android.

As Google demonstrated, businesses were increasingly relying upon this complex web of open source technologies to build products and platforms quickly.

And whether they knew it or not, this also meant that they were depending upon the vast open source community to maintain this software.

The ability for one company to produce the amount of software that's required for any modern technology product or service became overwhelming.

Today in a modern luxury automobile, there are more lines of software code than in an F -15 fighter jet.

There's just simply too much software to be written for any single organization to ride it themselves.

99 % of Fortune 500 companies use open source.

Every web server is pretty much Linux.

Most people choose to use open source programming languages.

It's this like amazing buffet.

You just come in and take this, this, this, this, this, and you slap together something.

You can build amazingly powerful products with very little work.

The sheer increase in volume drove a need amongst developers for a central repository where they could collaborate on these huge projects.

And in 2008, GitHub provided an answer.

What GitHub really did for open source is it kind of standardized the way

that people can contribute to open source projects and interface with them.

And so that any developer anywhere on earth knew how to contribute to a project on GitHub.

And that fed this explosion of open source activity.

Today, GitHub hosts the grand majority of the world's open source software projects.

And in 2018, Microsoft even acquired GitHub, affirming the tech giant's commitment to open source development.

We have about 140 million open source or software projects that are on GitHub,

and over 50 million of those have been added just in the last year.

So it's growing incredibly fast.

And the community has expanded far beyond idealistic hobbyists, as major companies are increasingly leading the charge, spearheading the development of open source projects in -house.

So we see companies like

Intel, Google, Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft, all contributing heavily to open source.

Googlers have been contributing to over 28 ,000 projects in 2018.

This number includes projects that Google has driven, as well as contributions it's made to projects led by other companies or individuals.

In the open source world, you have these fierce commercial rivals who collaborate every day together and they haven't signed anything.

And it's not just software companies.

ExxonMobil has open sourced its developer toolkit.

Walmart open sourced its cloud management platform.

And Goldman Sachs recently open sourced its data modeling program.

This open source way of working turned out to be better

because even in a big tech company where you might have 20 or 30 or 50 ,000 developers,

you can't compete with the 40 million developers that are now on GitHub working on open source every day.

Put simply, open source development has become the new norm.

And so I expect to see more and more investment into open source communities and more and more projects,

as well as companies finding ways to commercially monetize the activity that's collected across all of these different open source communities.

So how is open source monetized when the product is basically given away for free?

Basically, the answer lies in selling support services, subscriptions, and or commercial versions of the software.

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Red Hat, founded in 1993, was the first to figure out a successful business model, which relies upon selling support services for its operating system,

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Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

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Anyone can download the software for free.

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But if businesses want technical support and greater security, they'll need to buy a subscription.

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After decades of commercial success, IBM officially acquired

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Red Hat in 2019 for $34 billion.

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It was the largest software acquisition in history.

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It's really groundbreaking and it just shows the power and success of open source across the world, across the industries.

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While Red Hat's 100 % open source model has been hard to replicate,

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other companies like database program MongoDB and integration platform MuleSoft rely upon an open core model, meaning the basic features are free,

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but add -ons and other useful elements are proprietary.

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As these companies have racked up multi -billion dollar valuations, there's no doubt that on the enterprise level, there's big money in open source.

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But as for the individual developers, the hobbyists who contribute to and maintain open source projects just for fun,

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their path to profitability is much less clear.

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There are a lot of different models for how people make money in open source.

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One of the models is actually they don't.

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A lot of them are volunteers and they do this in the free time, in the evenings and on the weekends.

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But sometimes these just for fun side projects end up becoming widely used, critical to the internet infrastructure that we generally take for granted.

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Certain projects get so popular and so widely used that, you know, they're in every product.

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They're used by every company.

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And then this result of like, you know, massive

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Fortune 100, Fortune 500 companies building their businesses on top of this code that's written by hobbyists for who knows what reason, right?

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As one might imagine, problems can arise

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when critical systems are based on software

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that's maintained by unpaid volunteers with no professional obligation to see to the maintenance of the project.

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This issue came to a head in 2014.

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When the security vulnerability dubbed Heartbleed was found in OpenSSL,

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an open source encryption technology that's used by the majority of web servers to protect users' personal data.

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The flaw has gone undetected for about two years and has exposed millions of usernames, passwords and possibly credit card info as well.

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They left this lock capable of being picked because they didn't write the code quite right.

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And when they looked into it, the OpenSSL team was tiny.

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It was just a few people who were mostly working on donations and their donations had started to dry up.

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And understandably, these incredibly talented programmers had a hard time justifying spending full time on this,

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even though it was one of the most important building blocks of the entire Internet.

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Ultimately, organizations like the Linux Foundation pulled together to provide financial support for OpenSSL, as well as other critical pieces of underfunded open source software.

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But the disaster served as a wake -up call for an industry that still largely relies upon unpaid labor.

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The burden on the maintainer can become quite intense.

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You have sort of all these businesses coming in and saying, like, you know, your code is broken.

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It's preventing me from getting my job done.

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And so you get this, like, almost intense guilt.

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I feel like a lot of maintainers have a guilt.

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Now, companies are taking note and helping to formalize new funding models.

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In 2019, GitHub rolled out their Sponsors program, which allows developers to give and receive recurring donations for their work.

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We already have some people who are making their full living on GitHub Sponsors, so they don't have another job.

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And so that's huge for us.

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And that's really the key number that we are trying to move up.

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For developers like Aboukadije, making a full -time living around open source is indeed the dream.

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I prefer the freedom of being able to just follow my interests wherever they go

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and solve whatever problems I think are interesting.

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I'll never make money from some of the stuff I've worked on,

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but I think I've done a lot of good in the world by working on it.

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It's still early days, but if funding models like GitHub sponsors pay off,

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we may see a new class of software engineers eschewing traditional tech jobs in favor of independent, open -source work.

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Open -source has created so much technological progress, but because it never quite solved this funding problem in those early years,

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I think that we are at a point now where we could lay the groundwork for the next stage of open source.

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This could also mean expanding the cooperative ethos to industries outside of software.

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As the idea of sharing technology and collaborating collectively expands,

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we're moving into open hardware initiatives, data sharing initiatives.

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And that's really going to be the future.

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After all, the success of open source reveals that collaboration and knowledge sharing are more than just feel good buzzwords.

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They're an effective business strategy.

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And if we're going to solve some of the world's biggest problems, many believe that we can't afford to hoard our resources and learnings.

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We have environmental concerns.

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We're trying to understand things like cancer and Alzheimer's.

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These are major collaborative efforts.

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The complexity of building these technologies isn't going down.

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It's only going up.

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We can get that technology out there faster when everybody works together.

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Thank you.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「The Rise Of Open-Source Software」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：source, software, project, companies, code。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が95文、単語が2260語あります。音声の長さは13:43です。話す速さは1分あたり約165語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。単語の84%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
contribute 動詞	/kənˈtɹɪb.jut/	貢献する
rely 動詞	/ɹɪˈlaɪ/	頼る, あてにする
volunteer 名詞	/ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/	有志, ボランティア
server 名詞	/ˈsɝvɚ/	サーバー
solve 動詞	/sɒlv/	解決する
expand 動詞	/ɪkˈspænd/	広げる, 拡大する
donation 名詞	/doʊˈneɪʃən/	寄付
printer 名詞	/ˈpɹɪntɚ/	印刷者
unpaid 形容詞	/ʌnˈpeɪd/	未払いの
collaborate 動詞	/kəˈlæb.ə.ɹeɪt/	協力する, 共同して働く
compete 動詞	/kəmˈpiːt/	争う, 競う
intense 形容詞	/ɪnˈtɛns/	激しい
enterprise 名詞	/ˈɛntəˌpɹaɪz/	企業, 事業
database 名詞	/ˈdeɪtəˌbeɪs/	データベース
acquire 動詞	/əˈkwaɪɚ/	獲得する

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	意味
take over 動詞	引き受ける
blow up 動詞	爆破する, 爆発する
give back 動詞	返す
go down 動詞	降りる, 降下する
go up 動詞	上がる, 登る
pay off 動詞	報われる

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	hasn't always been · have been added · has expanded
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	is actually developed · is written · was only developed
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	people who were · people who are

注意したい発音

話し手はthey're, we're, can'tなど、短縮形や弱形を20回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「th」の音: thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/, ethos /ˈiθɑs/
「sh」と「zh」の音: donation /doʊˈneɪʃən/, initiative /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/, subscription /səbˈskɹɪpʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, luxury /ˈlʌk.ʃə.ɹi/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: developer /dɪˈvɛləpɚ/, proprietary /pɹəˈpɹaɪ.ə.tə.ɹi/, collaborate /kəˈlæb.ə.ɹeɪt/, incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, initiative /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: rely /ɹɪˈlaɪ/, volunteer /ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/, collaborate /kəˈlæb.ə.ɹeɪt/, incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, collaborative /kəˈlæb.ə.ɹə.tɪv/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: developer /dɪˈvɛləpɚ/, volunteer /ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/, server /ˈsɝvɚ/, solve /sɒlv/, initiative /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: interface /ˈɪn(t)ɚˌfeɪs/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, fighter /ˈfaɪtɚ/, justify /ˈd͡ʒʌstɪfaɪ/, freely /ˈfɹili/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。contribute, rely, volunteerなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: The Rise Of Open-Source Software - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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