シャドーイング練習: 3 grammar rules that you don’t need to follow anymore - Arika Okrent - YouTubeで英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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In 1954, Winston Cigarettes launched an ad so controversial broadcasters refused to say it on the air.
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34 文
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In 1954, Winston Cigarettes launched an ad so controversial broadcasters refused to say it on the air.
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But the uproar had nothing to do with the dangerous product being advertised— people were appalled by the ad’s grammar.
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Specifically, using “like” as a conjunction instead of “as.” Grammatical incidents like this have caused outrage in various regions and languages for centuries.
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But while we know people take grammar seriously, what’s less clear is, why?
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Where do these seemingly random rules come from?
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And which, if any, actually matter?
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The answers to these questions vary from rule to rule, so let’s look at three particularly famous English examples.
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First up, the idea that you should never end a sentence with a preposition.
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Prepositions are small, common words like with, on, for, or to, that often come before nouns.
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So, for example, a grammar stickler would consider “where does this rule come from?” incorrect, preferring instead, “from where does this rule come?” This rule comes from 18th century England, when etiquette was all the rage.
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And amidst countless guides on how to act properly, grammarians flooded the market with books on how to speak properly.
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Many of the rules in these guides were taken from Latin— a language that was commonly used for written scholarship.
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But no one had spoken Latin conversationally in 1,000 years, and imposing its rules on speech was awkward to say the least.
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The rule to never strand a preposition without a noun was one such revived relic.
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And while the scholars who proposed it presented the idea as a stylistic choice, subsequent writers turned their suggestion into a hard rule.
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Other rules have origins that are perhaps less arbitrary, but significantly more petty.
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Consider the idea that you should use “fewer” when referring to countable nouns— like water bottles— and “less” when referring to nouns we don’t count— like water.
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This rule comes from another 18th century grammarian called Robert Baker, who, for reasons unknown, believed “less” was inelegant when used with countable nouns.
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This might seem strange, but people today wage similar wars on so-called lesser language, such as “like” or “literally.” Besides, Baker's preference was part of a larger craze for codifying English.
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For centuries after the Norman Conquest in 1066, French was the language of nobility in England, while English was seen as the language of commoners.
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While the English had long reclaimed their kingdom by Baker’s time, this insecurity lingered in the hearts of many English grammarians.
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In fact, Baker also wanted King George to establish an Academy of Letters with 50 officials to protect the English language.
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That’s ten more officials than were employed in France’s grammar guard— L’Académie Française.
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Many English grammar rules have similarly silly origins, such as efforts to distinguish “over” from “more than,” or our attachment to Latin plurals like fungi and formulae.
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The stakes of all these grammatical debates are mostly academic.
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But one frequently discussed rule does have some real-world consequences.
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For centuries, “they” has been used in classic literature and everyday speech as both a plural and a singular pronoun.
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And today, many non-binary and transgender individuals prefer to use “they/them” as singular pronouns to refer to themselves.
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19th century grammarians, however, believed that “they” should be an exclusively plural pronoun.
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Furthermore, in cases where “they” could be used as a singular pronoun, they argued the word should be swapped for the generic “he.” This was an obviously patriarchal decision, and during the 1970s, activists eventually convinced some usage guides to begin using “he or she.” But today, this quibble continues to cause confusion, even though most official grammar guides have accepted “they” as both a singular and plural pronoun.
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This isn’t the first time we’ve had this kind of pronoun predicament.
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For centuries, “you” was also considered an exclusively plural pronoun, and yet today it's completely accepted in singular situations.
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And that’s because grammar isn’t a hard science— it’s something we all build together to reflect the people using it.
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So however strange a rule's origins may be, the usage we choose to respect today is far from arbitrary.
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Shadowing English
モバイルデバイスで利用できるようになりました。今すぐダウンロード！
5.0
コンテキストと背景
このビデオでは、Arika Okrentが英語の文法に関する3つのルールについて考察しています。特に、これらのルールがどのように形成され、なぜ現在でも重要視されるのかを探ります。文法は単なるルールの集合ではなく、言語を使う人々の文化や歴史を反映したものです。この理解を深めることで、YouTubeで英語学習をする際のスピーキング能力の向上に役立てることができます。
日常コミュニケーションのためのトップ5フレーズ
- Where does this rule come from? （このルールはどこから来たのですか？）
- From where does this rule come? （このルールはどこから来ていますか？）
- I have fewer water bottles. （私は水のボトルが少ないです。）
- There are less problems now. （今は問題が少ないです。）
- They prefer "they" as a pronoun. （彼らは代名詞に「彼ら」を好んで使います。）
これらのフレーズは、日常的な対話やIELTSスピーキング対策に役立ちます。また、shadowspeakを通じて実践することで、より自然な英語を身につけることができます。
ステップバイステップ・シャドーイングガイド
このビデオの内容を効果的に理解するために、以下の手順でシャドーイングを行いましょう。
- ビデオを視聴する: 最初に全体を通して見て、内容を把握します。
- フレーズに注目する: 特に日常会話に使えるフレーズを拾い上げ、意味を理解しましょう。
- リピート練習: 繰り返し聞きながら、そのフレーズを声に出してみます。意味や文法の背後にある考え方も意識しましょう。
- 録音する: 自分の発音を録音し、正しく発音できているか確認します。
- 改善する: もし間違いがあれば、どの部分でつまずいたのかを理解し、再度練習します。
上記のステップを通じて、shadowspeaksを活用しながら実践的な英語力を磨いていきましょう。言語のルールを学ぶことは重要ですが、実際の使用例を通じて体得することがより効果的です。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。