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Welcome to English Conversations for Software Engineering.

Listen, read and practice to boost your skills.

Professor Wendell, I'm really interested in software engineering, but is it a good career choice?

I think so.

You are a good leader.

You'd enjoy programming in the large.

I agree.

I like working in groups.

You like to investigate problems, right?

Yes, I do, but software engineering seems like it could be hard.

It's sometimes challenging when others evaluate your work, but if you are patient, it is very rewarding.

That sounds like something I can do.

Hey, Grace.

What are you working on?

I'm still developing the home banking application.

Wait.

Didn't you finish that already?

Well, sort of.

I finished a version for laptops and desktops.

So, what are you doing now?

Next, I'm going to create an application for tablets.

Oh, that's a good idea.

Lots of people carry tablets nowadays.

Right.

That's why this version needs to work well with a touchscreen.

Thanks for calling

Worldwide Comp Supply.

How can I help you?

Hi.

I'm calling about order number 25841.

Some of the order is incorrect.

I'm sorry to hear that.

What's the problem?

I ordered 36 optical mice.

30 were regular and 6 were wireless.

I see that on your order confirmation.

How many were in the shipment?

Well, I received all 36 mice, but none of them are wireless.

Oh, no. We'll get this fixed right away.

This is a real hassle.

I needed this equipment immediately.

Again, I'm really sorry.

I'll throw in two more mice for free.

Hey, Greta, have you used the computer in the conference room?

No. Is there a problem with it?

Yeah, I think it's overheating.

Oh, that's not good.

What's it doing?

Well, the processor is working really slow, and the case feels unusually warm.

Does it make a lot of noise?

Now that you mention it, the fan did seem really loud.

It sounds like you're right.

If I were you, I'd replace the heat sink.

Yeah, it's probably defective.

I'd better give that a try.

What did you think of that assignment about early system software?

That was a really hard assignment.

I thought so too.

I can't believe people used to enter everything manually.

I know what you mean.

I'm ready to study modern operating systems.

I agree.

They're so much easier to use.

Are you ready for the quiz tomorrow?

I need to review that chapter again.

Don't forget to study about device drivers.

I'm not too worried about that.

Well, Mr Clay, I removed the spyware from your company's system.

Oh, thank you.

Our systems contain a lot of confidential information.

Yes, I can see that.

If you don't update your security software, you could really be in trouble.

Really?

You think this will happen again?

Whoever wanted your information is likely to keep trying.

I guess we'd better update the company's antivirus software then.

Definitely.

And I recommend a better firewall.

What does that do?

That makes it harder for unauthorised users to access the company's network.

Can you help me with something?

Sure, what is it?

I'm confused about the difference between linkers and compilers.

OK, well, a linker connects a program to information it needs from other programs.

Wait, I thought an interpreter did that.

No, an interpreter just reads the information so the program can run.

OK.

So then a compiler is what decodes program instructions?

Exactly.

It translates information from different programming languages.

I get it now.

Thanks.

Did you see the memo from the CEO?

Do you mean the one about the accounting software?

Yeah.

They want a whole new program for the Office Suite.

We're supposed to develop it by the end of the month.

I think that's a good idea.

A lot of our customers probably use accounting anyway.

100

Yeah, but I'm worried.

101

What will that mean for the other programs in our office suite?

102

What do you mean?

103

Well, our word processor needs to be updated.

104

I'm afraid that a new program will take away from that.

105

I see what you mean, but I think it'll be fine.

106

Another team is scheduled to complete that update this week.

107

Owen, where are we on software developments?

108

We're working on a lot of new things, Ms Thompson.

109

Last I heard, you were finishing a mobile app for cost analysis.

110

We finished that.

111

Now we're working on a program for route planning.

112

Can you tell me more about that?

113

We want to adapt a satellite navigation program, but ours will be much smaller.

114

Why's that?

115

It needs to be compatible with digital assistants.

116

Thanks for calling Mailbag Support.

117

How can I help you?

118

Hi.

119

I just installed the new Mailbag Deluxe, but I can't open it.

120

I'm sorry to hear you're having trouble.

121

Do you see the icon on your desktop?

122

Yes, it's there, but nothing happens when I click it.

123

Did you right -click the icon?

124

No. Should I try that?

125

Yeah.

126

Go ahead and right -click it instead.

127

Let's see.

128

Oh, I see.

129

And now I click Open Mailbag?

130

That's right.

131

What's the status on the new programme?

132

We're right on schedule.

133

Great.

134

Will you finish it by next Friday?

135

That's ten days away, right?

136

And we need about fifteen hundred more lines of code.

137

Fifteen hundred divided by ten is one hundred and fifty lines per day.

138

Can you do it?

139

I think so.

140

We have three engineers working on it.

141

So you need each engineer to do fifty lines per day.

142

Fifty?

143

Oh, of course.

144

Fifty lines times three engineers equals one hundred fifty.

145

We can handle that.

146

Hi, Mr. Lennox.

147

You wanted to see me?

148

Yes, Jenna.

149

Our clients are asking about the new software update.

150

We're working on it.

151

We already fixed 12 out of the 15 problems.

152

Well, that's four -fifths done.

153

What about the other three problems?

154

They're tricky.

155

The sudden shutdowns are the biggest issue.

156

I want you to focus on fixing that.

157

We'll release the update as soon as that's done.

158

So you want us to spend 100 % of our time on it?

159

Yes, the other fixers can wait until the next update.

160

Hey, Mary, how did the new programmes do on the market?

161

The demand for the route planning programme has really fluctuated.

162

That's strange.

163

Why do you think that is?

164

It seems to increase in the summer.

165

That's when people travel the most.

166

Oh, that makes sense.

167

What about the Budget Mobile app?

168

That did better.

169

The demand increased at a steady pace.

170

How do you think it will do in the future?

171

I have no doubt it will do well.

172

What did you think of my presentation?

173

I was impressed with your ideas, but you need to work on your presentation skills.

174

What do you mean?

175

For one, the audience couldn't hear you towards the back.

176

Oh, I didn't realise that.

177

So I need to project my voice next time.

178

Exactly.

179

And let's work on using fewer note cards next time.

180

Why?

181

What's wrong with them?

182

You looked at them too much.

183

You need to make eye contact with your audience.

184

I see.

185

I guess I should practice before my next presentation.

186

So, Ben, let's talk about next semester.

187

OK.

188

Can I enrol in advanced courses yet?

189

Well, not quite.

190

You still have some foundation work to finish.

191

Really?

192

Like what?

193

First you need to take calculus.

194

Then you can enrol in upper -level courses.

195

I guess I'll do that then.

196

What else should I take next semester?

197

Let's get you started on some basic computer engineering courses.

198

Yes, I think I'm ready for that.

199

I'll sign you up for computer architecture.

200

How do the job applications look?

201

There are a couple of good applicants.

202

I like this one, Paula Gardner.

203

Oh, yeah?

204

What does her resume say?

205

Let's see.

206

She has a degree from Lord Technical Institute.

207

And she worked for several high -profile firms.

208

So, she has strong technical expertise.

209

Who else is there?

210

I like Henry Pacheco too.

211

But he's still in college.

212

That might be okay.

213

What's his experience like?

214

He helped develop the X99 traffic analysis software.

215

Really?

216

That was a fascinating project.

217

Those engineers really had to think outside the box.

218

Yeah, that's what I thought.

219

Should I set up an interview with him?

220

Definitely.

221

Experience is nice, but I'd rather go with a curious, innovative person.

222

OK, I'll call

223

Henry right away.

224

Hey, how is your project going?

225

Not very well.

226

I'm still having a lot of problems when I try to run the software.

227

Really?

228

What have you done to fix it?

229

I did a quick analysis of the code.

230

Have you tried anything else?

231

Yeah.

232

I ran some standard debugging procedures.

233

Then I tried applying some common solutions.

234

Huh.

235

What will you do next?

236

Well, I just started a more detailed analysis of all the code.

237

That's a good way to start.

238

My two earlier changes helped in different ways.

239

If this doesn't work, I might try a synthesis of both iterations.

240

That's a good plan.

241

It sounds like you're addressing the problem from all angles.

242

If I keep looking, I'm bound to find the solution soon.

243

Are you ready for the accounting test this week?

244

I don't know.

245

I still mix up some of the concepts.

246

Yeah, so do I.

247

Do you remember the difference between an open system and a closed system?

248

I think so.

249

The open system allows mass to move in and out, right?

250

Let me make sure.

251

Yes, that's right.

252

The ones that always confuse me are the extensive and intensive quantities.

253

Those are easy to get backwards.

254

So let me see if I can remember this.

255

If you can count something, it's extensive.

256

That sounds right.

257

On the other hand, intensive quantities cannot be counted.

258

Right, but you can't measure them.

259

I still don't quite get how that works.

260

Think about temperature.

261

You can't count it, but you can still monitor its changes.

262

OK, that makes sense.

263

Can you give me an update on the requirements for the library catalogue application?

264

It's going slowly.

265

It was good at first, but we found some major problems when we did the validation.

266

I don't like the sound of that.

267

What happened?

268

Some of the specifications were based on old data.

269

The requirements didn't include the library's new DVD catalogue.

270

Oh, that's right.

271

Originally they only included books.

272

Will we be able to fix the problem?

273

We're updating the data now.

274

Then we'll just plug it into the existing requirements document.

275

How long will that take?

276

We should have it done by the end of the week.

277

Oh, good.

278

I'm really glad to hear it.

279

I was worried that we wouldn't make the client's deadline.

280

I don't think that'll be a problem.

281

We'll keep you updated.

282

Come in, Evelyn.

283

Please have a seat.

284

Is there a problem?

285

No. Actually, quite the opposite.

286

I really enjoyed your presentation last week on the design pattern for our current project.

287

Really?

288

Thank you.

289

It's hard to describe software architecture to clients, but I did my best.

290

You did a great job.

291

Would you be interested in putting together another client presentation?

292

Sure.

293

I'd be happy to.

294

Great.

295

I need to give a presentation to some other clients.

296

It's an overview of our progress on the application framework.

297

Sure.

298

Just send me the information.

299

I'm sure I can put something together.

300

Great.

301

We already have an implementation view.

302

I'll send it to you this afternoon.

303

When will the presentation be?

304

The presentation is next week.

305

Can you finish your notes by Friday?

306

I'd like to look over them.

307

No problem.

308

I'll send them to you as soon as they are ready.

309

We need to start on this database software.

310

Do you have any ideas?

311

Well, first, we need to decide on an architectural structure.

312

I agree, but I'm not sure which one we should use.

313

Hmm.

314

We're going to bring in a lot of data from outside sources.

315

Maybe we should think about a repository.

316

I thought about that, but I don't think our data will work with the repository system.

317

OK, what were you thinking then?

318

I think pipes and filters might work better.

319

It has better mechanisms for ordering data.

320

I really don't like that idea.

321

Pipes and filters plans are more complicated than we need.

322

Really?

323

I guess I don't have much experience with them.

324

I do, and I think we can do this with a simpler plan.

325

Thank you.

326

What about an abstract data type?

327

That could work.

328

We would just have to design components and connectors that match our data.

329

Is there anything you need help with?

330

Actually, there is.

331

I'm still confused about a few things.

332

Let's see if we can get that cleared up.

333

What is confusing you?

334

Why do we need to make a call graph before adding the details?

335

What do you mean?

336

Wouldn't it save time to add the details as we create the design?

337

No, you need to consider the purpose of an abstraction.

338

An abstraction?

339

Yes, creating a design without details lets us find problems early.

340

That way we can fix them before the software is too complex.

341

Does that make sense?

342

Yes, I think I understand.

343

So, the cohesion of different modules is clearer in an abstraction.

344

Exactly.

345

Do you have any other questions?

346

No, I think I get it now.

347

Thanks.

348

Can anyone tell me about the limitations of a bottom -up design?

349

Yes, Linda.

350

A bottom -up design has to be created from scratch.

351

The designer has no previous function to work with.

352

Very good.

353

Can you tell me about some of the benefits of a bottom -up design?

354

Um, I'm not sure.

355

What about in regards to managing problems in a design?

356

Oh, well, a bottom -up design is less likely to have problems.

357

But if it does, it's more difficult to eliminate them.

358

Great.

359

And what about top -down designs?

360

Well, top -down designs tend to have more problems, but it's easier to eliminate them.

361

And how would one do that?

362

I'm not sure.

363

Maybe by decomposing the software?

364

That's correct.

365

It looks like you've been keeping up on the reading.

366

Excuse me, do you mind if I ask you a few questions about your project?

367

Not at all.

368

Go ahead.

369

I'm interested in different software design methods.

370

Are you working in JSP?

371

No, but you're close.

372

For this project, I'm using the JSD system.

373

Oh, that's interesting.

374

What made you decide to plan it that way?

375

Well, I prefer the structured stages of the JSD system.

376

It's easier to gauge how far along you are with the project.

377

That makes sense.

378

What stage of the project are you in now?

379

Right now, I'm working on the network stage, but I'm having some problems.

380

What kind of problems?

381

The data flow isn't working like I hoped.

382

I might have to go back to my DFDs before I continue.

383

I see.

384

Let me know if I can help.

385

I'd love to be involved in this project.

386

Sounds good.

387

Thanks.

388

class diagram and an interaction diagram.

389

Okay.

390

Did the engineers finish mapping the object interactions yet?

391

No, so you'll have to work on the interaction diagram last.

392

In the meantime, you can get started on the collaboration diagram.

393

Okay.

394

Can you send me the interaction data when it's available? Of course.

395

Now listen, these diagrams need to be done by the end of the month.

396

They're a client.

397

So they need to be especially clear, right?

398

Right.

399

I'll send you that data as soon as it's ready.

400

I need an update on the testing for the latest project.

401

I was just looking over the latest test results.

402

What do they say?

403

It looks like the software did pretty well.

404

Only a few failures were detected.

405

What testing model did you use?

406

For this test, we use the destruction model.

407

Good.

408

Use an oracle to determine where the failures are coming from, then have an engineer fix them.

409

Okay, we will probably run some more tests while we do that.

410

That's a good idea.

411

I think you're going to find more faults when you look at other models.

412

Do you have a suggestion about what testing model we should use?

413

I'd like to see the results from a prevention model test, but do the oracle comparison first.

414

OK, I'll bring you the results shortly.

415

How is the testing going on the accounting software?

416

Actually, I have some bad news about that.

417

The white box testing we did found a lot of faults.

418

That's not good.

419

What are you going to do?

420

We're going to do some black box testing before we start making any changes.

421

Good.

422

Are you using both dynamic and static analysis?

423

For now, we're just doing static analysis.

424

OK.

425

Try to get this taken care of quickly.

426

I want the software ready for Fagin inspection by next month.

427

I understand.

428

I've got the whole team working on it.

429

Maybe you should get another team leader to do a peer review.

430

That's a good idea.

431

I can have someone do stepwise abstraction on it.

432

Yes, do that.

433

I'll check back with you in a week.

434

OK, we should have a lot of the problems fixed by then.

435

Your test sets were good for a first try, but I have some feedback for you.

436

OK, I'd love to hear it.

437

You covered the statement coverage property really well, so that was great.

438

I'm glad you noticed.

439

I worked really hard on that.

440

But there are some problems too.

441

Like what?

442

It seems like you relied too much on the last project's tests.

443

Well, I use the renaming property.

444

I see.

445

I'd advise you to be careful about that.

446

Remember the general multiple change property.

447

So I should try to write new tests?

448

Yes, whenever you can.

449

Even if programs are similar, they often need different tests.

450

Oh, right.

451

That's the anti -extensionality property, isn't it?

452

Yes, that's absolutely right.

453

Just remember that next time, and you'll be fine.

454

I will, thanks.

455

The database software needs some reverse engineering.

456

What are we doing about that?

457

We'll definitely need to do some re -documentation.

458

Really?

459

Won't that take a long time?

460

It will, but the code is too unstructured to edit right now.

461

Okay.

462

Do you think we'll have to edit the software after re -documentation?

463

Definitely.

464

It's going to take a lot of work to modernize this software.

465

Should we revamp the user interface also?

466

I think so, but we should work on that last.

467

This seems like a lot of work.

468

Why don't we just write a whole new program?

469

I thought about that, but I really think the legacy system has a lot of useful features.

470

Maybe you're right.

471

The update probably won't take as long as starting from the beginning.

472

Exactly.

473

Restructuring is much faster than writing new software.

474

Okay.

475

We'd better get started.

476

Hey, have you got a second?

477

Sure, what's up?

478

We need to talk about the components on the library software.

479

Okay.

480

Well, the material component is almost finished.

481

When will it be done?

482

Probably by the end of this week.

483

That's good.

484

What about the conceptual component?

485

We didn't start that yet.

486

Oh.

487

I think we should get to work on that as soon as possible.

488

I agree.

489

Do you want to split up the levels and work on them separately?

490

That's a good idea.

491

I'll take the semantic level.

492

You get started on the task level.

493

What goes into the task level again?

494

You define the tasks performed by the user and the tasks performed by the software.

495

Right.

496

And the semantic level describes the tasks more generally, right?

497

Yeah, that's correct.

498

Do you think you can manage it?

499

It shouldn't be a problem.

500

I'll keep you updated on my progress.

501

I'm excited to meet with you today.

502

Good.

503

Let's talk about your experience.

504

It says here that you worked on ergonomic design before?

505

Yes, I designed keyboards for a hardware production company.

506

How would you incorporate that experience into software design?

507

I think it's really important that software engineers understand the hardware for their systems.

508

How do you think they can do that?

509

They need to think about the physical way a user interacts with a computer.

510

I agree.

511

Do you have experience with artistic design?

512

Yes.

513

I worked on web interfaces at my previous firm.

514

And what place do you think artistic design has in software design?

515

I think it's one of the most important factors.

516

Good software is useless if it has an inefficient interface.

517

That's a great point.

518

And it says here that you have a degree in computer science.

519

Yes, that's right.

520

Well, it certainly seems like you have the qualifications for this job.

521

I'll make my decision soon.

522

Hey, can you help me with something?

523

Sure.

524

What do you need help with?

525

I'm thinking about reusing some software on a new project.

526

But I never tried that before.

527

I did some black box reuse on my last application.

528

Did it work well for you?

529

Yeah, it was great.

530

It really saved me a lot of time on the project.

531

Huh.

532

Would you recommend

533

Black Box Reuse?

534

Yeah, it was okay.

535

I used source codes that were for sale.

536

They were more suited to the project I was working on.

537

Is it possible to get source codes for free?

538

I think so, but they might not be as specific as the kind I used.

539

I could just do some ad hoc application.

540

Yeah.

541

It would take more time than black box reuse, but I think it would still save you time in the long run.

542

Do you think software reuse is a good idea?

543

Or should I just write the code myself?

544

Try the reuse.

545

If it doesn't work out, you can start from scratch on your next project.

546

I guess that's true.

547

I'll look into getting the codes I need.

548

Thanks for your help.

549

Excuse me, could I talk to you for a moment?

550

I have a few questions on software reuse.

551

Sure, what do you need?

552

I don't really understand the benefits of transformation systems.

553

Why can't engineers do that work themselves?

554

Transformation systems save time.

555

While the system transforms their code, engineers can work on other projects.

556

Aren't they worried that the system will make mistakes?

557

Not really.

558

These systems are usually pretty sophisticated.

559

The task they perform is more basic than it might sound.

560

Okay, I guess I understand.

561

Can you explain middleware to me?

562

Sure.

563

Middleware is go -between software.

564

It connects individual applications to an operating system.

565

But why is it necessary?

566

The benefit of middleware is that it helps the operating system make sure that applications are running smoothly.

567

Middleware works even if there are a lot of applications running at the same time.

568

Oh, I see.

569

It's like an application manager.

570

Yes, exactly.

571

Do you have any other questions?

572

No, I think that clears everything up.

573

Great.

574

We'll talk about this more in class today.

575

How do you plan to check the reliability of your new program?

576

I haven't even finished the standard and exception domains yet.

577

Yeah, but you still need to think about your reliability checks.

578

I guess so.

579

What would you recommend?

580

When I make a program, I like to use BM and LPM.

581

Why do you prefer those?

582

I find that they give more accurate error probabilities than other methods.

583

I didn't know that.

584

I'll keep it in mind when I get to that stage.

585

You definitely should.

586

Accurate error checks will save you a lot of trouble in the long run.

587

I understand that.

588

I'm probably going to use recovery blocks in this application, too.

589

That's a good idea.

590

It sounds like you have a strong piece of software.

591

That's what I'm hoping for.

592

I don't want any problems like last time.

593

What happened before?

594

The application wasn't as fault -tolerant as I thought it was.

595

That's too bad.

596

Did it malfunction a lot?

597

It did.

598

It was disappointing, but I learned a lot from that experience.

599

Have you finished the specifications for the new project yet?

600

I'm just putting the final touches on them now.

601

Great.

602

I need to talk to you about the user scale.

603

I think it's going to be pretty big.

604

Do you think it will be family level?

605

Actually, I'm looking at city level.

606

If we're going to finish on time, we'll need a lot of engineers.

607

Wow.

608

I guess it's even bigger than I thought it would be.

609

Yeah.

610

Anyway, you might want to start selecting the environments.

611

Great.

612

I'll do that right away.

613

What kind of environment do you think is best?

614

Well, we definitely need something that can manage input from a lot of people.

615

So do you think you will use a process -centered environment?

616

Probably.

617

I just want to make sure the one we're looking at has the right tools.

618

I want our engineers to have everything they need.

619

How soon can you get the environment set up?

620

Probably within the next few weeks.

621

Can I talk to you for a minute?

622

I have a request from the engineering staff.

623

Sure.

624

What's up?

625

It involves the case software that we are currently using.

626

Is it malfunctioning?

627

Not exactly.

628

It is kind of outdated, though.

629

We'd like to get a new Unix program.

630

How is the Unix program going to help?

631

Well, one of our problems is the reserved checkout.

632

Right now, only one engineer at a time can work on the program files.

633

With unreserved checkout, several engineers could work at once.

634

I see.

635

Are there other benefits?

636

Yes.

637

The Unix program comes with an MWB.

638

This would help out our project managers.

639

It sounds good, but I'm not sure if we have the budget for it.

640

Is this program really necessary?

641

I think so.

642

To produce software at a competitive rate, we need programs that support our engineers.

643

I understand that.

644

I'll go over the budget and see if the upgrade is possible.

645

Great.

646

Let me know what you decide.

647

Can you give me an update on that flaw that we found last week?

648

Yeah, I retraced all the steps to find the problem.

649

And were you successful?

650

Yes, I just finished double -checking my work.

651

Great.

652

Did you send a request to the CCB about changing the baseline?

653

The request is already sent.

654

I'm just waiting for them to approve it.

655

Great.

656

You're really on top of things.

657

Well, there are still a few steps before this flaw is fixed.

658

Like what?

659

First, I need to get the latest copy of the parallel development documents.

660

That shouldn't take too long.

661

What else do you have to do?

662

Well, then I need to merge the fixed version with the updated version.

663

Oh, that sounds like it could be time -consuming.

664

It will be, but I should be able to finish it by the end of the week.

665

That's the spirit.

666

I just hope this is the only flaw we have to deal with on this project.

667

I do too.

668

I definitely don't want to have to do all of this again.

669

Hi, Cindy.

670

Do you have a minute to discuss the new team organization?

671

Yes, I'd be happy to.

672

Did you come up with any ideas for the latest project?

673

I did.

674

I think it'll be most efficient to divide the employees into SWOT teams.

675

What benefit will that offer us?

676

With SWOT teams, we can assign specific tasks to units of employees.

677

Each unit works independently on a particular task.

678

That sounds good, but I'm worried that the units won't communicate with each other enough.

679

Hmm, that's a good point.

680

We could create a hierarchical structure instead.

681

I think that might be a better idea.

682

Maybe, but I'm not sure if it would be the most efficient.

683

You're right.

684

We need a structure with defined units, but we also need strong management.

685

We could use chief programmer teams.

686

I was just thinking that.

687

That way everyone knows whom to report to.

688

Right.

689

But they would still be working on specialized tasks.

690

I like this idea.

691

Can you start assigning employees to different units?

692

Sure.

693

I can send you some lists tomorrow.

694

Did you see the latest quality control report?

695

I did.

696

It looks like a few things are going to change around here.

697

I know.

698

I was really surprised.

699

I felt we did a good job on quality control.

700

Really?

701

I expected them to find some problems.

702

My department's having trouble meeting key practices.

703

Now that you mention it, I guess that's a problem in my department, too.

704

I think we'll be okay if we redefine the key process areas.

705

But I didn't notice any other problems. Did you?

706

A few.

707

I think the company needs to stop focusing so much on quality factors.

708

Really?

709

Why?

710

Because it's hard for a lot of engineers to work that way.

711

It's better to think about the quality criteria.

712

Oh, I understand.

713

That way, engineers can actually measure their improvement.

714

Exactly.

715

That makes sense.

716

Hopefully, management will address all of this at the next meeting.

717

I think they will.

718

I know that most of the managers were not very pleased with the audit results.

719

I have the latest budget and cost reports for the accounting software project.

720

Great.

721

I'd love to hear them.

722

How do they look?

723

It's hard to say.

724

The reports are a little different depending on which algorithm you look at.

725

Give me the good news first.

726

Okay.

727

Fortunately, according to the Putnam model, we are right on schedule.

728

That's great.

729

What about if you look at the Delphi method?

730

According to the Delphi method, we are just barely behind schedule.

731

That's not too bad.

732

Why are we behind schedule?

733

We estimated some software sizes incorrectly.

734

Some have a higher clock than we expected.

735

Will this affect the cost of the project?

736

It will, but the overall budget estimate is still pretty accurate.

737

Luckily, we didn't make it too optimistic.

738

That's good.

739

I can't afford to have another project go over budget.

740

I understand.

741

We're working really hard to get the development time down.

742

Good.

743

Keep me updated on any other changes in the budget.

744

I will.

745

I'm hoping we won't have to make any more.

746

Hey, Shirley.

747

Where have you been?

748

I was at the workshop on project management.

749

It was interesting.

750

I didn't sign up for it.

751

Was there any good information?

752

Overall, it was really informative.

753

They discussed three main topics in project management.

754

I learned a lot about degree of certainty.

755

Interesting.

756

What else did they discuss?

757

They also talked about risk management.

758

I didn't realize how important it is actually is to identify risk factors early.

759

I hadn't really thought about it either.

760

Did they give any tips for organization?

761

Yeah.

762

That was the last topic they addressed.

763

I already knew about a lot of them, though.

764

Which methods did they discuss?

765

I'm about to run my first project, and I'm wondering what might be useful.

766

Well, they talked about WBS, Yes, which I use all the time.

767

They also talked about PERT charts.

768

Did they cover Gantt charts?

769

Time ran short, so they just told us where to find more information.

770

I'd like to know more about it.

771

I'll give you some handouts from the workshop.

772

All right, John, let's talk about ethics.

773

It is an increasingly important topic in software engineering.

774

I'm glad to hear you say that.

775

Can you tell me about a time when you had to defend your principles?

776

At my last job, my manager really pushed me to meet a deadline, but the software wasn't ready for public use yet.

777

What was wrong with it?

778

It was designed to protect private records, but it wasn't tested yet to ensure security.

779

So what did you do?

780

Well, I wanted to protect the best interests of the public.

781

I refused to deliver the software without adequate testing.

782

That was very bold.

783

Why did you make that decision?

784

For one thing, I have high standards for the software that I produce.

785

Weren't you afraid that you would be fired?

786

Not really.

787

In the long run, I was protecting the welfare of the company, too.

788

That's great.

789

High standards for software are important, but they should never be valued more than integrity.

790

Yeah, integrity is important to me.

791

I want employers and clients to trust me.

792

Hey, Tonya.

793

I'm thinking about upgrading the company's network, and I was wondering what you know about SOS.

794

SOS is a networking model.

795

I don't know much about computers.

796

What does that mean?

797

Let me explain the basics.

798

SOS stands for Software as a Service.

799

It is a model that operates under cloud computing.

800

What's cloud computing?

801

It's a distribution of computing and storage services.

802

So it's a way to access information?

803

Yes, partly.

804

Clients purchase the rights to a software license.

805

Then they share that software with their users.

806

Okay.

807

How do they pay for that, though?

808

Clients typically pay regular fees.

809

Some companies charge users metered fees, while others prefer pay -as -you -go.

810

It just depends on your needs.

811

I see.

812

So what role does

813

Sauce play in cloud computing?

814

SOS is a type of cloud in which software is available over a network.

815

In my opinion, it is a reliable way of sharing information and software.

816

How does someone access the software?

817

That's easy.

818

You can access the cloud through any web browser.

819

Hey, Dana.

820

I wanted to thank you again for your letter of recommendation.

821

Oh, you're welcome, Clyde.

822

I hope you get into that engineering degree program.

823

Yeah, it should be a great experience for me.

824

Do you know what your focus will be?

825

Eventually, I want to be a developer, but the academic side interests me too.

826

So you might want to be a researcher?

827

I'm considering it.

828

What do you think of that idea?

829

I think that's a smart move.

830

You have to be able to analyze technology before you can develop it.

831

That's what I thought.

832

Then maybe I could be a freelancer on the side.

833

Oh, sure.

834

That's a great way to advance your career.

835

Right.

836

Wow, it really seems like there are lots of options in this field.

837

There are.

838

Software engineering is an exciting industry to work in.

839

Do you know where I can get more information about career options?

840

The IEEE is a well -respected international organization.

841

Check out their website.

842

Great.

843

I'll take a look.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「English Conversations」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：software, project, program。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が667文、単語が5524語あります。音声の長さは38:52です。話す速さは1分あたり約142語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。単語の84%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。全667文のうち188文が疑問文なので、疑問文のイントネーションや短い受け答えの練習に向いています。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
presentation 名詞	/ˌpɹɛzn̩ˈteɪʃn̩/	贈呈
diagram 名詞	/ˈdaɪ.ə.ɡɹæm/	ダイヤグラム, 図表
cloud 名詞	/ˈklaʊ̯d/	雲, 雲霞
fifty 名詞	/ˈfɪfti/	50ドル札
interaction 名詞	/ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/	相互作用
topic 名詞	/ˈtɑpɪk/	話題, テーマ
mouse 名詞	/maʊs/	鼠, ネズミ
flaw 名詞	/flɔ/	ひび
chart 名詞	/t͡ʃɑɹt/	チャート, 図表
architecture 名詞	/ˈɑː.kɪˌtɛk.t͡ʃə/	建築, 建築学
connect 動詞	/kəˈnɛkt/	繋げる
hardware 名詞	/ˈhɑɹdˌwɛɹ/	ハードウェア, ハード
collaboration 名詞	/kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/	コラボレーション, コラボ
filter 名詞	/ˈfɪltɚ/	濾過器, フィルター
pipe 名詞	/ˈpaɪp/	笛

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	発音	意味
go ahead 動詞	/ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/	どうぞお先に
check out 動詞		試験する, 検査する

繰り返し練習したい文

動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。

What are you working on?
How can I help you?
Have you used the computer in the conference room?
You think this will happen again?
Do you see the icon on your desktop?

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
条件文 if + 節, will/would + 動詞 — 条件とその結果	If I were you, I'd replace
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	be updated · is scheduled · cannot be counted
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	has really fluctuated · have you done · Have you tried

注意したい発音

話し手はI'm, I'll, don'tなど、短縮形や弱形を155回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「th」の音: thirty /ˈθɝti/, ethics /ˈɛθ.ɪks/, algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/
「sh」と「zh」の音: presentation /ˌpɹɛzn̩ˈteɪʃn̩/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/, workshop /ˈwɝk.ʃɑp/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, architecture /ˈɑː.kɪˌtɛk.t͡ʃə/, collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/, integrity /ɪnˈtɛɡɹəti/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/, wireless /ˈwaɪ(jə)ɹ.ləs/, oracle /ˈɔɹəkəl/, shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: divide /dɪˈvaɪd/, intensive /ɪnˈtɛnsɪv/, whoever /huˈɛvɚ/, twelve /twɛlv/, investigate /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: fifty /ˈfɪfti/, fifteen /ˈfɪf.tiːn/, flaw /flɔ/, confused /kənˈfjuːzd/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。presentation, diagram, cloudなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: English Conversations | Listen & Read | Software Engineering - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる句動詞

繰り返し練習したい文

この動画の文法

注意したい発音

この動画での練習方法

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由